Section B: Information Matching
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.
There's a stress gap between men and women
[A] 'I used to work very hard. I love to create things, grow them and solve problems,' said Meng Li, a successful app developer in San Francisco. 'I didn't really care about my mind and my body until they decided to go on strike.'
[B] Ms. Li said her stress led to sleeplessness. When she did sleep, she experienced 'problem-solving dreams,' which left her feeling unrested when she woke up. 'After I became a first-time mother, I quickly realized I was so busy caring for other people and work that I felt like I'd lost myself,' she said.
[C] It's a common story—one we frequently ridicule and readily dismiss, for example, by claiming that women tend to complain more than men, despite the growing sum of research that underlines the problem. Women are twice as likely to suffer from severe stress and anxiety as men, according to a 2016 study published in The Journal of Brain & Behavior. The American Psychological Association reports a gender gap year after year showing that women consistently report higher stress levels. Clearly, a stress gap exists.
[D] 'The difference is not really news to me, as a clinical psychologist,' said Erin Joyce, a women and couples therapist in Los Angeles. 'It's been well documented in extensive research over the years that prevalence rates for the majority of the anxiety disorders are higher in women than men.' Some people may argue that this is merely reported data, and they say many men feel the same pressures as women in terms of fulfilling responsibilities at work and home. In other words, we're all really, really stressed.
[E] 'The difference, however, is in the nature and scope of these responsibilities in the home environment in particular,' Dr. Joyce said. For example, the United Nations reported that women do nearly three times as much unpaid domestic work as men. The problem is, housework is often overlooked as work, even though it is often as laborious (or in some cases, more so) as any paid job. As the scholar Silvia Federici put it in 1975, the unpaid nature of domestic work reinforces the assumption that 'housework is not work, thus preventing women from struggling against it.'
[F] It's not just inside the home, though. Research from Nova Southeastern University found that female managers were more likely than male managers to display 'surface acting,' or forcing emotions that are not wholly felt. 'They expressed optimism, calmness and sympathy even when these were not the emotions that they were actually feeling,' the study said.
[G] Surface acting is a prime example of 'emotional labor,' a concept that the writer Jess Zimmerman made familiar in a 2015 essay. The essay sparked a massive thread on the internet community blog MetaFilter. Hundreds of women spoke up about their own experience with emotional labor: the duties that are expected of them, but go unnoticed. These invisible duties become apparent only when you don't do them. Like domestic labor, emotional labor is generally dismissed and not labeled work. But research shows it can be just as exhausting as paid work. Emotional labor can lead to difficulty in sleeping and family conflict. Sure, circumstantial stress, like losing a job, may lead to these same issues. But emotional labor is not circumstantial. It's an enduring responsibility based on the socialized gender role of women.
[H] Like Ms. Li, many women try to manage the added stress to reach what Dr. Joyce said was an unattainable ideal. 'Some professional women aim to do it all. They want to reach the top of the corporate ladder and fly like supermom,' she said. When women don't reach this ideal, they feel guilty; and even more stressed. After her own struggle with this, Ms. Li took a step back and used her experience to build Sanity & Self, a self-care app and platform for overworked women. 'The realizations I had in that process helped me gain insights and ultimately got me ready to integrate self-care into my daily life,' she said.
[I] The stress problem extends beyond mental health when you consider the link between stress, anxiety and heart health. Worse, most of what we know about heart disease comes from studies involving men. However, 'there are many reasons to think that it's different in women,' Harvard Medical School reported. For example, women are more likely to experience disturbed sleep, anxiety and unusual fatigue before a heart attack. Stress is so normalized that it is easy for women to shrug off those symptoms as simply the consequences of stress. Many women also do not experience chest pain before a heart attack the way men do, which leads to fewer women discovering problematic heart issues. Harvard reports that women are 'much more likely than men to die within a year of having a heart attack' and 'many women say their physicians sometimes don't even recognize the symptoms.'
[J] The good news is, women are more likely than men to take charge of their stress and manage it, the American Psychological Association reports. The concept of self-care, at its core, is quite simple. 'The basics of adequate sleep, healthy diet and exercise are a good place to start,' Dr. Joyce said. 'Support from trusted relationships is vital. This includes professional support from various health and wellness providers if stress is becoming increasingly overwhelming.'
[K] Disconnecting from work and home responsibilities is also obviously important. But it's much easier said than done. It is important to understand what causes your stress in the first place. 'Get really specific with what's stressing you out,' Ms. Li said. 'We often chalk up our stress to broad experiences like work. But work stress can take many different forms. Is a colleague being disrespectful of your time? Is a boss undermining your day-to-day control over decision making? These are different causes of stress and can benefit from different kinds of self-care.'
[L] Ideally, your spouse or partner will be supportive, rather than dismissive, of your stress. It is important to talk through these issues before they come to a head. 'Women working outside of the home should make an effort to have a conscious conversation with their partners about more equitable sharing of household and family responsibilities,' Dr. Joyce said.
36. Some career women who aim high tend to feel guilty if they fail to achieve their goals.
37. The unpaid housework done by women is triple that done by men.
38. It is reported that women consistently suffer more from severe stress than men.
39. Women are advised to identify the specific causes of their stress so that steps can be taken to deal with it.
40. One study showed that women managers often expressed positive emotions that they didn't really feel.
41. Women tend to mistake signs of heart attacks for symptoms of stress.
42. For a time an app developer in America was so busy attending to work and family that she suffered from sleeplessness.
43. The emotional labor women do is noticed only when it is not done.
44. Dr. Joyce suggests that apart from self-care, women should seek professional support if they experience severe stress.
45. Some people believe that there may not exist a stress gap between men and women.
Answers & Explanations
36. H。解析：题干中的 career women who aim high (志向高远的职业女性) 对应 [H] 段中的 professional women aim to do it all... reach the top of the corporate ladder。题干中的 feel guilty (感到愧疚) 对应原文中的 feel guilty。
37. E。解析：题干中的 triple (三倍) 对应 [E] 段中的 three times as much unpaid domestic work as men。
38. C。解析：题干中的 consistently suffer more from severe stress (一贯承受更多严重压力) 对应 [C] 段中的 twice as likely to suffer from severe stress... consistently report higher stress levels。
39. K。解析：题干中的 identify the specific causes of their stress (识别压力的具体原因) 对应 [K] 段中的 Get really specific with what's stressing you out... understand what causes your stress。
40. F。解析：题干中的 positive emotions that they didn't really feel (没真正感受到的积极情绪) 对应 [F] 段中的 expressed optimism, calmness and sympathy even when these were not the emotions that they were actually feeling。
41. I。解析：题干中的 mistake signs of heart attacks for symptoms of stress (将心脏病发作迹象误认为压力症状) 对应 [I] 段中的 shrug off those symptoms as simply the consequences of stress。
42. B。解析：题干描述了孟李 (Ms. Li) 的经历，对应 [B] 段中提到的 sleeplessness (失眠) 以及 busy caring for other people and work (忙于照顾他人和工作)。
43. G。解析：题干描述的情绪劳动 (emotional labor) 的特点对应 [G] 段中的 These invisible duties become apparent only when you don't do them。
44. J。解析：题干中关于“职业支持”的建议对应 [J] 段中的 professional support from various health and wellness providers。
45. D。解析：题干中提到的“有些人认为可能不存在压力差距”对应 [D] 段中的 Some people may argue that this is merely reported data... we're all really, really stressed。
全文翻译
[A] "我过去工作非常努力。我喜欢创造东西、发展它们并解决问题，"旧金山一位成功的应用程序开发者李萌说。"在它们决定罢工之前，我并没有真正关心我的身心。"
[B] 李女士说她的压力导致了失眠。当她终于入睡时，她经历了"解决问题的梦"，这使得她醒来时感觉没有休息好。"在我第一次成为母亲后，我很快意识到我如此忙于照顾他人和工作，以至于我觉得失去了自己，"她说。
[C] 这是一个常见的故事——我们经常嘲笑并轻易地不予理会，例如，声称女性比男性更爱抱怨，尽管越来越多的研究强调了这个问题。根据2016年发表在《大脑与行为杂志》上的一项研究，女性患严重压力和焦虑的可能性是男性的两倍。美国心理学会年复一年地报告性别差距，显示女性持续报告更高的压力水平。显然，存在一个压力差距。
[D] "作为一名临床心理学家，这种差异对我来说并不新鲜，"洛杉矶的女性和夫妻治疗师艾琳·乔伊斯说。"多年来的广泛研究已经充分证明，大多数焦虑障碍的患病率在女性中高于男性。"有些人可能会说这只是报告的数据，许多人感到男性在履行工作和家庭责任方面承受着与女性相同的压力。换句话说，我们都非常非常紧张。
[E] "然而，差异在于这些责任的性质和范围，特别是在家庭环境中，"乔伊斯博士说。例如，联合国报告称，女性从事的无偿家务劳动几乎是男性的三倍。问题在于，家务劳动常常不被视为工作，尽管它往往与任何有偿工作一样费力（或在某些情况下更费力）。正如学者西尔维娅·费德里奇在1975年所说的那样，家务劳动的无偿性质强化了"家务劳动不是工作，从而阻止女性与之抗争"的假设。
[F] 然而，这不仅仅是在家庭内部。诺瓦东南大学的研究发现，女性管理者比男性管理者更有可能表现出"表层表演"，即强迫表现出并非完全感受到的情绪。"她们表达了乐观、冷静和同情，即使这些并非她们实际感受到的情绪，"研究说。
[G] 表层表演是"情绪劳动"的一个典型例子，这一概念由作家杰斯·齐默尔曼在2015年的一篇文章中使之广为人知。这篇文章在互联网社区博客MetaFilter上引发了大规模的讨论。数百名女性讲述了她们自己与情绪劳动相关的经历：那些被期望但无人注意的职责。这些无形的职责只有在你没有做的时候才会显现出来。像家务劳动一样，情绪劳动通常被忽视，不被标记为工作。但研究表明，它可能与有偿工作一样令人疲惫。情绪劳动可能导致睡眠困难和家庭冲突。当然，情境性压力，如失业，可能会导致同样的问题。但情绪劳动不是情境性的。它是一种基于女性社会化性别角色的持久责任。
[H] 像李女士一样，许多女性试图管理额外的压力，以达到乔伊斯博士所说的一个不可实现的理想。"一些职业女性力求面面俱到。她们想达到公司阶梯的顶端，同时像超级妈妈一样飞翔，"她说。当女性达不到这个理想时，她们会感到内疚，并且压力更大。在与这个问题斗争之后，李女士退后一步，利用她的经验建立了Sanity & Self，一个面向过度工作女性的自我关怀应用和平台。"我在那个过程中的领悟帮助我获得洞见，最终让我准备好将自我关怀融入我的日常生活，"她说。
[I] 当你考虑到压力、焦虑与心脏健康之间的联系时，压力问题超出了心理健康的范围。更糟的是，我们对心脏病的了解大多来自涉及男性的研究。然而，"有很多理由认为在女性中情况不同，"哈佛医学院报告说。例如，女性在心脏病发作前更有可能经历睡眠障碍、焦虑和异常疲劳。压力被如此常态化，以至于女性很容易将这些症状简单地视为压力的后果而不予理会。许多女性在心脏病发作前也不会像男性那样经历胸痛，这导致更少的女性发现问题心脏状况。哈佛报告称，女性"在心脏病发作后一年内死亡的可能性远高于男性"，并且"许多女性说她们的医生有时甚至没有识别出这些症状。"
[J] 好消息是，美国心理学会报告说，女性比男性更有可能掌控和管理她们的压力。自我关怀的概念，本质上相当简单。"充足睡眠、健康饮食和锻炼这些基础是一个好的开始，"乔伊斯博士说。"来自可信赖关系的支持至关重要。如果压力变得日益压倒性，这包括来自各种健康和保健提供者的专业支持。"
[K] 从工作和家庭责任中抽离出来显然也很重要。但这说起来容易做起来难。重要的是首先要了解是什么导致了你的压力。"具体明确是什么让你感到压力，"李女士说。"我们经常把压力归因于宽泛的经历，比如工作。但工作压力可以有多种不同形式。是同事对你的时间不尊重吗？是老板在削弱你对决策的日常控制吗？这些是不同的压力原因，可以从不同类型的自我关怀中受益。"
[L] 理想情况下，你的配偶或伴侣会对你的压力给予支持，而不是不予理会。在这些问题发展到不可收拾之前进行沟通很重要。"在外工作的女性应该努力与伴侣就有意识的对话，讨论更公平地分担家庭和家庭责任，"乔伊斯博士说。
核心短语与亮点句型
【核心搭配与高频短语】
- go on strike：罢工（原文指身体垮掉）
- dismiss... as...：把...斥为...；不屑一顾
- unpaid domestic work：无偿家务劳动
- surface acting：表层行为 / 情绪伪装
- emotional labor：情绪劳动
- corporate ladder：公司职位等级；职场阶梯
- shrug off：耸肩表示不屑；忽略
- come to a head：到达关头；陷入危机
【亮点句型解析】
- These invisible duties become apparent only when you don't do them. (强调逻辑)：
这句话深刻揭示了“情绪劳动”的特征：它在被完成时是“隐形”的，只有在“罢工”时才会被人察觉。这种“only when”结构在议论文中非常有力。 - It's much easier said than done. (经典表达)：
“说起来容易做起来难”，是口语和写作中的万能金句，用来引出解决问题的实际困难。