Use of English (2011)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users—a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has [1] across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved [2] bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly [3]?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a [4] to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech [5] of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled [6] one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential [7] to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to [8] a federation of private online identity systems. Users could [9] which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license [10] by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to [11] just once but use many different services.
[12], the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a [13] community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with [14], trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure [15] which the transaction runs.”
Still, the administration’s plan has [16] privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would [17] be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with [18] by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet [19]. They argue that all Internet users should be [20] to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
全文翻译
互联网为用户提供了匿名性——这对隐私和言论自由来说是一种福祉。但正是这种匿名性也导致了网络犯罪在网络上的激增。
在为一个似乎日益缺乏法律约束的世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私还能得到保护吗？
上个月，国家网络总管霍华德·施密特向联邦政府提出了一个使网络更安全的方案——一个"自愿可信身份"系统，这将是物理钥匙、指纹和带照片身份证的高科技等价物，三者合为一体。该系统可能使用智能身份证，或绑定到特定计算机的数字凭证，并在各种在线服务中对用户进行身份验证。
其理念是创建一个私人在线身份系统的联盟。用户可以选择加入哪个系统，只有身份已验证的注册用户才能浏览那些系统。这种方法与要求由政府颁发互联网"驾照"的方法形成对比。
谷歌和微软等公司已经拥有这种"单点登录"系统，使用户只需登录一次就能使用许多不同的服务。
实际上，这种方法将在网络空间创建一个"有围墙的花园"，配有安全的"社区"和明亮的"路灯"，以建立一种可信社区的感觉。
施密特先生将其描述为一个"自愿生态系统"，在其中"个人和组织可以放心地完成在线交易，信任彼此的身份以及交易运行所依赖的基础设施的身份。"
尽管如此，政府的计划引起了隐私权活动人士的分歧。有人赞扬这种方法；有人担忧。似乎很明显，这样的方案是朝着最终可能成为强制性互联网"驾照"心态迈出的初步一步。
该计划也遭到了一些计算机安全专家的怀疑，他们担心施密特先生设想的"自愿生态系统"仍会让互联网的大部分区域缺乏保护。他们认为所有互联网用户都应该被要求注册并确认身份，就像司机必须获得驾照才能在公共道路上驾驶一样。
答案解析 (Answers & Explanations)
1. [A] swept
解析：考查动词搭配。网络犯罪“席卷（swept across）”了整个网络。skip(跳过)，walk(走)，ride(骑)均不符合语境。
2. [C] while
解析：考查逻辑连词。在“带来安全与保障”的同时（while），隐私能否得到保护？这里 while 表让步/同时。
3. [B] lawless
解析：考查上下文语义。由于前文提到网络犯罪激增，因此这个世界似乎变得越来越“无法无天（lawless）”。
4. [D] proposal
解析：考查名词辨析。网络总管向联邦政府提出了一项“提议/方案（proposal）”，即后文解释的系统。
5. [D] equivalent
解析：考查名词辨析。这个系统将是物理钥匙、指纹和身份证的“高科技等价物/对应物（equivalent）”。
6. [B] into
解析：考查固定搭配。roll into one 意为“融为一体”，即把物理钥匙、指纹和身份证等功能集于一身。
7. [A] linked
解析：考查分词搭配。智能卡或数字凭证“连接/绑定（linked）”到特定的计算机上。
8. [C] create
解析：考查动词辨析。这个想法是要“建立/创造（create）”一个私人在线身份系统的联盟。
9. [C] select
解析：考查动词语义。用户可以“选择（select）”加入哪个系统。
10. [B] issued
解析：考查动词搭配。由政府“颁发/签发（issued）”的网络驾驶执照。issue a license 是固定搭配。
11. [D] log in
解析：考查短语动词。“单次登录（single sign-on）”系统使得用户只需“登录（log in）”一次，就能使用多种服务。
12. [B] In effect
解析：考查介词短语。结合后文“创造一个有围墙的花园”，意为“实际上/实质上（In effect），这种做法将创建一个……”
13. [A] trusted
解析：考查上下文呼应。前文提到了“voluntary trusted identity”，这里对应建立一个“可信的（trusted）”社区的意识。
14. [C] confidence
解析：考查名词语义。既然是可信的生态系统，个人和组织就可以“满怀信心地（with confidence）”完成交易。
15. [A] on
解析：考查介词搭配。交易“在（on）”其上运行的基础设施。run on the infrastructure 意为在基础设施上运行。
16. [A] divided
解析：考查动词语境。后文说“有人赞成，有人担忧”，说明这个计划让隐私维权人士“产生了分歧（divided）”。
17. [D] eventually
解析：考查副词辨析。这种方案迈出了第一步，它“最终（eventually）”会变成一种强制性的网络“驾照”心态。
18. [A] skepticism
解析：考查名词语境。由后文专家们的“担忧（worry）”可知，该计划遭到了专家的“怀疑（skepticism）”。
19. [C] vulnerable
解析：考查形容词辨析。专家担心，这种自愿的系统仍会让互联网的大部分区域容易受到攻击/处于“脆弱的（vulnerable）”状态。
20. [D] forced
解析：考查动词辨析。他们主张，就像司机必须持证上路一样，所有互联网用户都应被“强迫/强制（forced）”注册并确认身份。
核心长难句精解 (High-Light)
1. 破折号作同位语解释说明：
"The Internet affords anonymity to its users—a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech."
【解析】破折号后的名词短语是对前面 `anonymity` (匿名性) 的同位语解释，说明匿名性对隐私和言论自由来说是一大福音。
"The Internet affords anonymity to its users—a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech."
【解析】破折号后的名词短语是对前面 `anonymity` (匿名性) 的同位语解释，说明匿名性对隐私和言论自由来说是一大福音。
2. 定语从句的嵌套与伴随状语：
"Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure on which the transaction runs.”"
【解析】`in which` 引导定语从句修饰 ecosystem。在这个从句中，`trusting...` 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，表示“带着对彼此身份的信任”。而 `on which` 再次引导定语从句修饰 `infrastructure`，指交易运行在基础设施之上。
"Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure on which the transaction runs.”"
【解析】`in which` 引导定语从句修饰 ecosystem。在这个从句中，`trusting...` 是现在分词短语作伴随状语，表示“带着对彼此身份的信任”。而 `on which` 再次引导定语从句修饰 `infrastructure`，指交易运行在基础设施之上。
3. 方式状语从句：
"They argue that all Internet users should be forced to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads."
【解析】前一个 `that` 引导 `argue` 的宾语从句。`in the same way that...` 引导方式状语从句，将网民必须实名注册与司机必须考驾照进行了类比。
"They argue that all Internet users should be forced to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads."
【解析】前一个 `that` 引导 `argue` 的宾语从句。`in the same way that...` 引导方式状语从句，将网民必须实名注册与司机必须考驾照进行了类比。