Section B: Paragraph Matching
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The History and Meaning of Colored Traffic Lights
A) Timed traffic lights are set according to schedules that are supposed to coordinate with peak traffic hours. Cities need to monitor and update signal light time schedules at least every two years to keep these systems effective. In Los Angeles, California, an ambitious project to go a step further and synchronize (使同步) every red light in Los Angeles cost over 400 million dollars. Ask a resident of the city and they are likely to agree that saving time on the road is well worth it. If implemented nationwide, synchronization could shave 10% off traffic congestion (堵塞) and 20% off air pollution. Congestion costs time, money, and lives. Big data can help improve how millions of people safely share the road. However, none of this would be possible without the traffic light!
B) The first traffic light was invented in London in the 1860’s, but it was hardly recognizable — or effective. It had been adapted from the railroad signal system by a railway manager, John Peak Knight, in 1868. The railroads used red gas lights at night to signal stops and green gas lights during the daytime. Knight installed a similar gas light, semaphore (臂板信号) system near London’s Westminster Bridge in December of 1868.
C) The life of the first traffic light signal was short-lived. A gas leak caused one of the signal lights to explode on its police officer operator within a month of being installed.
D) Automating traffic signals stalled after the London incident. Forty years passed before cars crowding city streets urged the development of traffic lights in the United States. London would not see another traffic light until 1929.
E) The United States is a car culture like no other country. Unlike most European cities that started urban planning when horses were high-tech, many cities in the United States were designed around urban sprawl, suburban tracts, and motor cars.
F) As traffic and cities grew, so did the race to solve growing traffic problems. The first traffic signals were semaphores. Semaphores are towers with moving arms signaling for traffic to stop or go. They could be manual or automatic. There was no consistent design. Various models were invented and put into place in cities as the need arose.
G) In 1912, Lester Wire was a police officer exhausted by traffic at Main Street and 200 South. He developed a manually switched stop light. The four-sided box, raised on a ten-foot pole, looked like a birdhouse and was operated manually by an officer. The officer would flip a switch to change between the dipped red and green lights.
H) Like the 1910 semaphore, the first electric signal used words. However, the words were no longer written on arms that raised and fell. The words “stop” or “move” were on lights. The posts lit up on each of four comer-posts around an intersection (十字路口). It was not automated, though. A booth with an operator was required to flip the switches.
I) The system allowed police officers to move from the middle of the street to a corner. From that vantage (有利地位), an officer could oversee the crowd. If an emergency vehicle came, the officer could flip a switch and clear the intersection by triggering all red lights. The emergency vehicle could now pass effortlessly. Finally, in San Francisco, the first red and green electric light system that could be operated automatically (or manually) was introduced in 1917.
J) In 1920, the first three-color light system was introduced in Detroit — also known as Motor City, USA. The evolution of traffic light signals could not have a more appropriate context than Motor City. Ford Motor Company was founded in Detroit in 1903 (and other motor companies followed). Ford made cars affordable for more common people, rather than the wealthy, by creating larger scale factory production.
K) Stop and go were insufficient for the new volumes of cars zooming through intersections. Streets were full of new numbers of cars in addition to delivery wagons, bustling crowds, bicycles, horse-drawn carriages, and street cars. The introduction of the cautionary yellow light helped increase driver safety, decreasing accidents that come from running red lights.
L) Stop lights were incredibly important in chaotic city streets. Crosswalks weren’t even introduced until 1951. The first pedestrian fatality in the United States was in 1899.
M) The development of the modem traffic light may have started in London, but it grew up in the United States. In Cleveland, an African-American inventor named Garrett Morgan came up with an affordable, patented traffic signal. The yellow light made intersections safer than the old stop and go system. The new design was inexpensive enough that it allowed the installation of a lot more lights.
N) Morgan sold the patent to General Electric — and the spread of the traffic light was green lighted. Green means go. It is that simple, but it’s still best to check both ways for oncoming traffic that may not be paying attention or is running the light. Yellow means slow down and prepare to stop. It does not mean full-throttle (全速) ahead. While you may get away with gunning it into the intersection, running a yellow can lead to tickets and dangerous accidents. Red lights are a clear and consistent warning to stop. Even where right turns are allowed on red lights, you must come to a complete stop before turning right. You must also yield to any through traffic, which has the right of way. In most states and cities, you can take a right on red unless otherwise indicated. New York City does not allow a right on red.
O) Red arrows mean you cannot turn right on a red in most states. The green arrow, in these cases, is the only time you can make the turn. However, you can take a right on a red arrow after a full stop in the states of Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Washington State and Wyoming.
P) Flashing Red is the same as a stop sign, generally used at four-way intersections where there is minimal traffic. When arriving at a flashing red light, make a full and complete stop. Flashing Red Arrows similarly mean to stop and then proceed to take the turn. Flashing Yellow lights mean yield or signal caution, like outside of a fire station. There are no all-direction flashing yellow lights, since it is prohibited in the United States. If you have a flashing yellow light, you are to yield to oncoming traffic.
Q) Flashing Yellow Arrows are part of a four-signal traffic light. These are used in some states after a protected green turn signal, or arrow, but before a steady yellow arrow. When a flashing yellow arrow is shown, you can take the turn after yielding to pedestrians and traffic. Steady Yellow Arrows maintain the normal yellow light caution in three-light signals, meaning to stop or prepare to stop. In a four-signal system that has a flashing yellow arrow, the steady yellow arrow is a signal that the yield period is ending. The red arrow is about to start. Vehicles should stop if safely possible. Traffic tickets are possible for running a steady yellow arrow.
R) Traffic light meaning is fairly consistent across the board with various deviations. Green means it’s safe to proceed (though you should still exercise caution). Yellow means caution and yield. Red means danger and stop. Always drive defensively and obey traffic signal.
全文翻译
A) 定时交通灯根据与高峰交通时段协调的时间表设置。城市需要至少每两年监测和更新信号灯时间表，以保持这些系统的有效性。在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶，一个更进一步、同步洛杉矶每一个红灯的雄心勃勃的项目花费了超过4亿美元。问问这个城市的居民，他们很可能会同意在路上节省时间是值得的。如果在全国范围内实施，同步可以减少10%的交通拥堵和20%的空气污染。拥堵耗费时间、金钱和生命。大数据可以帮助改善数百万人安全共享道路的方式。然而，如果没有交通灯，这一切都不可能！
B) 第一个交通灯于19世纪60年代在伦敦发明，但它几乎无法辨认——也不有效。它于1868年由铁路经理约翰·皮克·奈特从铁路信号系统改编而来。铁路在夜间使用红色煤气灯来信号停车，白天使用绿色煤气灯。奈特于1868年12月在伦敦威斯敏斯特桥附近安装了一个类似的煤气灯臂板信号系统。
C) 第一个交通灯信号的生命很短暂。在安装后的一个月内，一次煤气泄漏导致其中一个信号灯在操作它的警察身上爆炸。
D) 伦敦事件后，交通信号自动化停滞不前。四十年过去了，拥挤在城市街道上的汽车才促使美国发展交通灯。伦敦直到1929年才看到另一个交通灯。
E) 美国是一个与其他国家不同的汽车文化。与大多数在欧洲城市规划始于马车还是高科技时代不同的欧洲城市不同，美国的许多城市是围绕城市扩张、郊区地带和汽车设计的。
F) 随着交通和城市的发展，解决日益增长的交通问题的竞赛也在加速。最早的交通信号是臂板信号。臂板信号是有可移动臂的塔，用于信号交通停止或前进。它们可以是手动或自动的。没有一致的设计。随着需求的出现，各种型号被发明并投入城市使用。
G) 1912年，莱斯特·怀尔是一位对主街和南200街的交通感到疲惫的警察。他开发了一个手动切换的停车灯。这个四面盒子，架在一根十英尺高的杆上，看起来像一个鸟屋，由一名警察手动操作。警察会翻转一个开关，在变暗的红色和绿色灯之间切换。
H) 像1910年的臂板信号一样，第一个电动信号使用文字。然而，文字不再写在升降的臂上。"停止"或"行驶"的文字在灯上。灯柱在十字路口的四个角柱上亮起。不过，它不是自动的。需要一个有操作员的小亭来翻转开关。
I) 这个系统让警察能够从街道中间移到角落。从那个有利位置，警察可以监督人群。如果有紧急车辆来，警察可以翻转开关，通过触发所有红灯来清空十字路口。紧急车辆现在可以毫不费力地通过。最后，在旧金山，第一个可以自动（或手动）操作的红色和绿色电动灯光系统于1917年推出。
J) 1920年，第一个三色灯光系统在底特律推出——底特律也被称为美国汽车城。交通灯信号的演变不可能有比汽车城更合适的背景了。福特汽车公司于1903年在底特律成立（其他汽车公司随后跟进）。福特通过创造更大规模的工厂生产，让普通人而非富人买得起汽车。
K) 停止和前进对于穿梭于十字路口的新增车流来说是不够的。街道上满是新增的大量汽车，外加运货马车、熙熙攘攘的人群、自行车、马车和电车。警示性黄灯的引入有助于提高驾驶员安全，减少因闯红灯导致的事故。
L) 停车灯在混乱的城市街道中至关重要。人行横道直到1951年才被引入。美国的第一起行人死亡事故发生在1899年。
M) 现代交通灯的发展可能始于伦敦，但它在美国成长起来。在克利夫兰，一位名叫加勒特·摩根的非洲裔美国发明家创造了一种价格实惠、获得专利的交通信号。黄灯使十字路口比旧有的停止和前进系统更安全。新设计足够便宜，使得安装更多灯成为可能。
N) 摩根将专利卖给了通用电气——交通灯的推广获得了"绿灯"。绿色意味着前进。就是这么简单，但最好还是两边都看看，留意可能没有注意或正在闯灯的来车。黄色意味着减速并准备停车。这不意味着全速前进。虽然你可能侥幸冲进十字路口，但闯黄灯可能导致罚单和危险事故。红灯是清晰且一致的停车警告。即使在红灯允许右转的地方，你必须在右转前完全停稳。你还必须让行任何直行车辆，直行车辆有优先权。在大多数州和城市，你可以在红灯时右转，除非另有指示。纽约市不允许红灯右转。
O) 红色箭头意味着在大多数州你不能在红灯时右转。在这些情况下，绿色箭头是你可以转弯的唯一时间。然而，在伊利诺伊州、堪萨斯州、路易斯安那州、马里兰州、密歇根州、新罕布什尔州、北达科他州、俄勒冈州、南卡罗来纳州、犹他州、华盛顿州和怀俄明州，你可以在完全停车后在红色箭头时右转。
P) 闪烁红灯与停车标志相同，通常用于交通较少的四向十字路口。到达闪烁红灯时，要完全彻底地停车。闪烁红色箭头同样意味着停车，然后继续转弯。闪烁黄灯意味着让行或提醒注意，就像消防站外面一样。美国没有全方向闪烁黄灯，因为这在美国是被禁止的。如果你遇到闪烁黄灯，你要让行给来车。
Q) 闪烁黄色箭头是四信号交通灯的一部分。这些在受保护的绿色转弯信号或箭头之后、但在稳定的黄色箭头之前在一些州使用。当闪烁黄色箭头显示时，你可以在让行给行人和车辆后转弯。稳定黄色箭头保持三灯信号中正常黄灯的谨慎含义，意思是停止或准备停止。在具有闪烁黄色箭头的四信号系统中，稳定黄色箭头是让行期即将结束的信号。红色箭头即将开始。车辆应在安全可能的情况下停车。闯稳定黄色箭头可能收到交通罚单。
R) 交通灯的含义在各处相当一致，有各种偏差。绿色意味着可以安全前进（尽管你仍应谨慎行事）。黄色意味着谨慎和让行。红色意味着危险和停止。始终防御性驾驶并遵守交通信号。
Answers & Explanations (答案与解析)
Section B: Paragraph Matching
36. Q。解析：题干意为“一看到闪烁的黄色箭头，司机应先让行人和车辆通过，然后再转弯”。定位至段落 Q 第 3 句 "When a flashing yellow arrow is shown, you can take the turn after yielding to pedestrians and traffic." (当显示闪烁的黄色箭头时，你在对行人和车辆让行后可以转弯)。"after yielding to" 对应题干的 "let... pass first before"。
37. I。解析：题干意为“红绿自动交通信号灯系统起源于一个美国城市”。定位至段落 I 最后一句 "Finally, in San Francisco, the first red and green electric light system that could be operated automatically... was introduced in 1917." (最后，在旧金山，第一个可以自动操作的红绿电灯系统于1917年被引入)。"originated in an American city" 对应 "introduced in San Francisco"。
38. A。解析：题干意为“一个美国城市的居民倾向于认同在道路上节省的时间证明了升级其交通信号灯系统的成本是值得的”。定位至段落 A 中部 "In Los Angeles... an ambitious project... cost over 400 million dollars. Ask a resident of the city and they are likely to agree that saving time on the road is well worth it." (在洛杉矶...一个耗资超4亿美元的雄心勃勃的项目...问问这个城市的居民，他们很可能会同意在路上节省的时间是非常值得的)。
39. J。解析：题干意为“汽车的大规模生产使普通人能够买得起它们”。定位至段落 J 最后一句 "Ford made cars affordable for more common people, rather than the wealthy, by creating larger scale factory production." (福特通过创造更大规模的工厂生产，使更多的普通人而不是富人买得起汽车)。"Mass production" 对应 "larger scale factory production"；"ordinary people" 对应 "common people"。
40. R。解析：题干意为“尽管存在一些变化，交通信号灯的含义在各地几乎相同”。定位至段落 R 第 1 句 "Traffic light meaning is fairly consistent across the board with various deviations." (交通信号灯的含义总体上相当一致，尽管存在各种偏差)。"almost the same everywhere" 对应 "fairly consistent across the board"；"despite some variations" 对应 "with various deviations"。
41. L。解析：题干意为“人行横道直到二十世纪中叶才出现”。定位至段落 L 第 2 句 "Crosswalks weren’t even introduced until 1951." (人行横道甚至直到 1951 年才被引入)。"Pedestrian crossings" 对应 "Crosswalks"；"mid-twentieth century" 对应 "1951"。
42. F。解析：题干意为“随着城市和交通的扩张，人们竞相解决日益增多的交通问题”。定位至段落 F 第 1 句 "As traffic and cities grew, so did the race to solve growing traffic problems." (随着交通和城市的发展，解决日益严重的交通问题的竞赛也随之展开)。题干是对该句的同义转述。
43. K。解析：题干意为“当引入警告黄灯时，驾驶变得更安全，交通事故减少了”。定位至段落 K 最后一句 "The introduction of the cautionary yellow light helped increase driver safety, decreasing accidents..." (警告黄灯的引入帮助提高了司机的安全性，减少了事故)。"warning yellow light" 对应 "cautionary yellow light"。
44. B。解析：题干意为“铁路上的信号系统构成了第一个交通信号灯的基础”。定位至段落 B 第 2 句 "It had been adapted from the railroad signal system by a railway manager..." (它是由一位铁路经理根据铁路信号系统改造而来的)。"served as the basis" 对应 "adapted from"。
45. N。解析：题干意为“即使绿灯示意‘通行’，也应该注意两边的交通，以防有司机粗心大意或无视红灯”。定位至段落 N 第 2-3 句 "Green means go. It is that simple, but it’s still best to check both ways for oncoming traffic that may not be paying attention or is running the light." (绿灯意味着通行...但最好还是检查两边是否有不注意或闯红灯的迎面车辆)。"attention should be paid" 对应 "check both ways"；"ignoring a red light" 对应 "running the light"。
【核心同义替换归纳】
let... pass first <=> yield to (让步于...) [36 - Q]
originated in <=> introduced in (起源于 / 引入于) [37 - I]
justifies the cost <=> is well worth it (证明成本是值得的 / 非常值得) [38 - A]
ordinary people <=> common people (普通人) [39 - J]
almost the same <=> fairly consistent (几乎相同 / 相当一致) [40 - R]
mid-twentieth century <=> 1951 (二十世纪中叶) [41 - L]
warning <=> cautionary (警告的) [43 - K]
served as the basis <=> adapted from (作为基础 / 从...改编) [44 - B]
ignoring a red light <=> running the light (无视红灯 / 闯红灯) [45 - N]