Section B: Information Matching
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Saving Our Planet
[A] In the long view, the human relationship with forests has been one of brutal destruction, but even it carries elements of slow hope. In the Middle Ages, there was no shortage of timber in most parts of the world, and few saw cutting down forests as a problem. Yet in 1548 the people of Venice estimated that an important timber supply would last only 30 years at their current rate of usage—but different forest management would make it possible to meet the demand for many centuries to come. The idea of preserving resources came out of a concern for the future: a fear of using up resources faster than they could be replenished (补充).
[B] Economic interests were at the core of this understanding of trees and forests. It would take more than three centuries before scientists began to understand that timber production is not the only, and possibly not the most important, function of forests. The late 19th and early 20th century saw an increasing recognition that forests serve as habitats for countless animal and plant species that all rely on each other. They take over protective functions against soil erosion and landslides (塌方); they make a significant contribution to the water balance as they prevent surface runoff; they filter dirt particles, greenhouse gases and radioactive substances from the air; they produce oxygen; they provide spaces for recreation and they preserve historic and prehistoric remains. As a result, forests around the world have been set aside as parks or wilderness areas.
[C] Recent years have seen a big change in our view of forests. Peter Wohlleben’s book The Hidden Life of Trees (2015), an international bestseller, suggests that trees can warn each other of danger through a “wood wide web” of roots and fungi (真菌). They support each other through sharing of nutrients and information, and they even keep ancient stumps alive by feeding them solutions of sugars. Such insights have made us aware of deep ecological relationships between humans and the more-than-human world.
[D] Awareness of ecologies is a recent phenomenon. It was not until the 1940s that the concept of the “environment” embracing all living and nonliving things developed. In the 1970s, the term “environment” gained currency, becoming widely adopted in the English and Romance languages, and as “Umwelt” (“surrounding world”) in German. The emergence of the idea led to the rise of environmental agencies, regulations and environmental studies, and to environmental science as new, integrated academic disciplines. It was in 1956 that the very first bachelor of science in environmental studies was awarded, at the State University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse. Since the 1970s—with the rise of “environmentalism”—environmental studies programmes have sprung up at hundreds of universities. There is (slow) hope in the fact that scholars from many different disciplines have adopted the term “environment” over the past decades. They are exploring intricate connections within and between complex ecologies, as well as the impact that human environment-making (through techno-industrial, economic and other manipulative developments) has had on the biosphere.
[E] The rise of the idea of the environment and a scholarly understanding of ecological processes has influenced new technologies and also politics. We have come to ask questions about vulnerability and risk, world ecologies, and the relationship between nature and power. The search for an adequate response to climate change occupies centre stage in international diplomacy.
[F] Social and environmental activists, scientists and indigenous groups have called the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2015 insufficient, weak, or compromised. To some extent, they are right: climate change has already destroyed tens of thousands of livelihoods, and the situation will worsen in the near future for millions of mostly poorer people, who will join the ranks of those who have already been displaced by climate change and extreme weather events. But the Paris Conference nevertheless marked a historic step toward the recognition of the need for action on climate change, the cutting of carbon emissions, and world cooperation. There were 195 nations that came to the table in Paris and agreed to limits on emissions. Historically, nothing comparable had happened prior to this. Before the 20th century, a handful of scientists had been interested in the theoretical relationship between greenhouse gases and climate change, but only the empirical evidence accumulated since the late 20th century established a clear connection between the burning of fossil fuels and a vastly accelerated rise in global temperatures.
[G] The current crisis is not the first that humans have encountered, and a look at the struggles with pollution in recent history reveals transformations that once seemed unimaginable. The “London fog” that came to define the capital through British novels and thrillers is in reality smog or smoke, a legacy of industrialization. After a century of ignorance, London was hit by the Great Smog of December 1952—the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom which caused the deaths of approximately 12,000 people. Shortly thereafter, public initiatives and political campaigns led to strict regulations and new laws, including the Clean Air Act (1956). Today, London has effectively reduced traffic emissions through the introduction of a Congestion Charge Zone in 2003, and an Ultra Low Emission Zone in 2019.
[H] Scientific evidence that we are living in an era of climate change, resource exhaustion and potential ecological disaster is overwhelming. How do we motivate a public exhausted by never-ending scenarios of doom and disaster, when the challenges seem so huge and so impossible to solve? Statistics about extinction and the gloom of decline will not in themselves get us out of our often self-created ecological traps: instead, they are more likely to result in paralysis and inaction.
[I] We need stories and histories of change and transformation: ecological stories that make us confront the fact that human power is potentially destructive, and that the survival of our species on this planet depends on the preservation of soil and water, and the habitats and ecological systems.
[J] It is time that we showed successes and accelerations in ecological awareness, action and restoration: stories that include past successes and future visions about the rise of urban gardening and of renaturalized riverscapes, of successful protests against polluted air and water, of the rise of regional markets and slow food, and the planting of trees around the globe, of initiatives and enterprises that work towards ecological restoration. The reality of ecological curses seems far greater than the power of the hopes left at the bottom of Pandora’s box. But if we believe that nothing can be changed, then we are giving up our opportunity to act.
[K] Today’s saving powers will not come from a deus ex machina (解围之神). In an ever-more complex and synthetic world, our saving powers won’t come from a single source, and certainly not from a too-big-to-fail approach or from those who have been drawn into the whirlpool of our age of speed. Hope can work as a wakeup call. It acknowledges setbacks. The concept of slow hope suggests that we can’t expect things to change overnight. If the ever-faster exhaustion of natural resources (in ecological terms) and the “‘shrinking of the present’” (in social terms) are urgent problems of humans, then cutting down on exhaustive practices and working towards a “stretching of the present” will be ways to move forward.
36. Climate change has wrought havoc on the lives of tens of thousands of people.
37. It took scientists a long time to realise that the function of forests goes far beyond providing humans with timber.
38. There is abundant evidence that we are now facing a possible ecological disaster.
39. Environmental science became academic disciplines only some sixty years ago.
40. Things cannot change overnight, but reducing the consumption of natural resources will help solve the ecological crisis.
41. Human perception of forests has undergone a tremendous change in the past years.
42. Recent history shows reduction of pollution, once seemingly impossible, can actually be accomplished.
43. People began to consider preserving natural resources when they feared they would have nothing to use in the future.
44. If we doubt our ability to reverse ecological deterioration, we are throwing away the chance to take action.
45. How to respond effectively to climate change has become the focus of international diplomacy.
Answers & Explanations (答案与解析)
36. F。解析：题干 Climate change has wrought havoc on the lives of tens of thousands of people. 对应 [F] 段 ...climate change has already destroyed tens of thousands of livelihoods... wrought havoc on (对...造成严重破坏) 对应 destroyed，lives 对应 livelihoods。
37. B。解析：题干 It took scientists a long time to realise that the function of forests goes far beyond providing humans with timber. 对应 [B] 段 It would take more than three centuries before scientists began to understand that timber production is not the only, and possibly not the most important, function of forests. a long time 对应 more than three centuries，realise 对应 understand，goes far beyond 对应 not the only... function。
38. H。解析：题干 There is abundant evidence that we are now facing a possible ecological disaster. 对应 [H] 段 Scientific evidence that we are living in an era of climate change, resource exhaustion and potential ecological disaster is overwhelming. abundant evidence 对应 Scientific evidence... is overwhelming，possible ecological disaster 对应 potential ecological disaster。
39. D。解析：题干 Environmental science became academic disciplines only some sixty years ago. 对应 [D] 段 It was in 1956 that the very first bachelor of science in environmental studies was awarded... 1956年距离该文章写作时间（约2016-2020年间）大约是六十年前（some sixty years ago），academic disciplines 在该段中也有明确提及。
40. K。解析：题干 Things cannot change overnight, but reducing the consumption of natural resources will help solve the ecological crisis. 对应 [K] 段 ...we can’t expect things to change overnight... cutting down on exhaustive practices and working towards a “stretching of the present” will be ways to move forward. cannot change overnight 对应 can't expect things to change overnight，reducing the consumption 对应 cutting down on exhaustive practices。
41. C。解析：题干 Human perception of forests has undergone a tremendous change in the past years. 对应 [C] 段 Recent years have seen a big change in our view of forests. perception 对应 view，tremendous change 对应 big change，in the past years 对应 Recent years。
42. G。解析：题干 Recent history shows reduction of pollution, once seemingly impossible, can actually be accomplished. 对应 [G] 段 ...a look at the struggles with pollution in recent history reveals transformations that once seemed unimaginable... Today, London has effectively reduced traffic emissions... seemingly impossible 对应 seemed unimaginable，reduction of pollution... accomplished 对应 effectively reduced traffic emissions。
43. A。解析：题干 People began to consider preserving natural resources when they feared they would have nothing to use in the future. 对应 [A] 段 The idea of preserving resources came out of a concern for the future: a fear of using up resources faster than they could be replenished. consider preserving 对应 idea of preserving，feared they would have nothing to use 对应 fear of using up resources。
44. J。解析：题干 If we doubt our ability to reverse ecological deterioration, we are throwing away the chance to take action. 对应 [J] 段 But if we believe that nothing can be changed, then we are giving up our opportunity to act. doubt our ability 对应 believe that nothing can be changed，throwing away the chance 对应 giving up our opportunity。
45. E。解析：题干 How to respond effectively to climate change has become the focus of international diplomacy. 对应 [E] 段 The search for an adequate response to climate change occupies centre stage in international diplomacy. respond effectively 对应 adequate response，focus 对应 occupies centre stage。
全文翻译
[A] 从长远来看，人类与森林的关系一直是一种残酷的破坏，但即便如此它也带有缓慢希望的元素。在中世纪，世界大部分地区并不缺乏木材，很少有人将砍伐森林视为问题。然而在1548年，威尼斯人估计，按照他们当时的使用速度，一项重要的木材供应只能维持30年——但不同的森林管理将使其可能在未来许多世纪满足需求。保护资源的思想源于对未来的关切：害怕用尽资源的速度快于它们被补充的速度。
[B] 经济利益是这种对树木和森林理解的核心。科学家们开始理解木材生产不是森林唯一、也可能不是最重要的功能，这又花了三个多世纪。19世纪末和20世纪初，人们越来越认识到森林是无数相互依赖的动植物物种的栖息地。它们承担着防止土壤侵蚀和塌方的保护功能；它们通过防止地表径流对水平衡做出重大贡献；它们过滤空气中的灰尘颗粒、温室气体和放射性物质；它们产生氧气；它们提供休闲空间，并保存历史和史前遗迹。因此，世界各地的森林被划定为公园或荒野地区。
[C] 近年来，我们对森林的看法发生了巨大变化。彼得·沃莱本的国际畅销书《树的隐秘生活》（2015年）提出，树木可以通过根和真菌的"树联网"相互警告危险。它们通过共享营养和信息相互支持，甚至通过喂养糖溶液来维持古老树桩的生命。这些洞察让我们意识到人类与超越人类世界之间深刻的生态关系。
[D] 对生态的意识是近期现象。直到20世纪40年代，包含所有生物和非生物的"环境"概念才发展起来。在20世纪70年代，"环境"一词流行起来，在英语和罗曼语族语言中被广泛采用，在德语中为"Umwelt"（"周围世界"）。这一理念的出现导致了环境机构、法规和环境研究的兴起，以及环境科学作为新的综合学科。正是在1956年，第一个环境研究理学学士学位在纽约州立大学锡拉丘兹分校林学院授予。自20世纪70年代以来——随着"环保主义"的兴起——环境研究项目在数百所大学涌现。来自许多不同学科的学者在过去几十年中采用了"环境"一词这一事实中存在着（缓慢的）希望。他们正在探索复杂生态内部和之间的复杂联系，以及人类环境创造（通过技术工业、经济和其他操纵性发展）对生物圈产生的影响。
[E] 环境理念的兴起和对生态过程的学术理解影响了新技术，也影响了政治。我们开始问关于脆弱性和风险、世界生态以及自然与权力之间关系的问题。寻找对气候变化的适当回应占据了国际外交的中心舞台。
[F] 社会和环境活动家、科学家和原住民团体称2015年12月联合国气候变化大会的《巴黎协定》不充分、软弱或妥协。在某种程度上，他们是对的：气候变化已经摧毁了数万人的生计，在不久的将来，数百万人（主要是较贫困人口）的情况将恶化，他们将加入已经因气候变化和极端天气事件而流离失所的人行列。但巴黎大会仍然标志着向承认需要在气候变化、碳减排和世界合作方面采取行动迈出的历史性一步。有195个国家来到巴黎的桌前并同意限制排放。历史上，在此之前没有发生过类似的事情。在20世纪之前，少数科学家对温室气体与气候变化之间的理论关系感兴趣，但只有自20世纪末以来积累的经验证据才建立了燃烧化石燃料与全球温度大幅加速上升之间的明确联系。
[G] 当前的危机不是人类遇到的第一场，回顾近代史上与污染的挣扎揭示了曾经似乎不可想象的转变。通过英国小说和惊悚小说来定义首都的"伦敦雾"实际上是烟雾或烟尘，是工业化的遗产。经过一个世纪的无知，伦敦在1952年12月遭遇了大烟雾——英国历史上最严重的空气污染事件，造成约12,000人死亡。此后不久，公共倡议和政治运动导致了严格的法规和新法律，包括《清洁空气法》（1956年）。今天，伦敦通过2003年引入拥堵收费区和2019年引入超低排放区，有效减少了交通排放。
[H] 我们生活在一个气候变化、资源枯竭和潜在生态灾难时代的科学证据是压倒性的。当挑战似乎如此巨大和无法解决时，我们如何激励一个被永无止境的厄运和灾难场景搞得筋疲力尽的公众？关于灭绝的统计数据和衰退的阴郁本身不会让我们走出我们自己经常制造的生态陷阱：相反，它们更可能导致瘫痪和不作为。
[I] 我们需要关于变化和转型的故事和历史：生态故事让我们面对人类力量具有潜在破坏性、我们物种在这个星球上的生存取决于土壤和水以及栖息地和生态系统的保护这一事实。
[J] 是时候展示生态意识、行动和恢复方面的成功和加速了：包括过去成功和未来愿景的故事，关于城市园艺和重新自然化的河流景观的兴起，关于成功抗议污染空气和水，关于区域市场和慢食的兴起，关于全球植树，关于致力于生态恢复的倡议和企业。生态诅咒的现实似乎远大于留在潘多拉盒底的希望力量。但如果我们相信什么都不能改变，那么我们就是在放弃我们行动的机会。
[K] 今天的拯救力量不会来自解围之神。在一个日益复杂和综合的世界里，我们的拯救力量不会来自单一来源，当然也不会来自太大而不能倒的方法，或来自那些被卷入我们速度时代漩涡的人。希望可以作为唤醒信号。它承认挫折。缓慢希望的概念表明我们不能期待事情一夜之间改变。如果自然资源日益快速的枯竭（在生态学意义上）和"'现在的缩小'"（在社会学意义上）是人类的紧迫问题，那么减少消耗性实践并努力实现"'现在的延伸'"将是前进的道路。
核心搭配与高分句型
【核心搭配与高频短语】
came out of：产生于，源于（came out of a concern for the future）
set aside：留出，拨出（have been set aside as parks or wilderness areas）
gain currency：开始流行，被广泛接受（the term “environment” gained currency）
spring up：涌现，如雨后春笋般出现（programmes have sprung up at hundreds of universities）
occupy centre stage：占据中心舞台，成为焦点（occupies centre stage in international diplomacy）
wrought havoc on：对...造成严重破坏（wrought havoc on the lives of...）
【亮点句型解析】
It is/was... that 强调句型：
"It was not until the 1940s that the concept of the “environment” embracing all living and nonliving things developed."
（直到20世纪40年代，包含所有生物和非生物的“环境”概念才发展起来。）强调了时间状语 `not until the 1940s`，凸显了人类生态意识觉醒之晚。
"It was not until the 1940s that the concept of the “environment” embracing all living and nonliving things developed."
（直到20世纪40年代，包含所有生物和非生物的“环境”概念才发展起来。）强调了时间状语 `not until the 1940s`，凸显了人类生态意识觉醒之晚。
拟人化表达与抽象名词作主语：
"The late 19th and early 20th century saw an increasing recognition that forests serve as habitats..."
（19世纪末和20世纪初见证了人们日益认识到森林作为栖息地的作用...）使用时间名词（The late 19th... century）作主语，搭配 `saw`（见证），是高级英语写作中极具文学色彩且地道的表达方式，避免了总是用 `people realized in...` 的平淡句式。
"The late 19th and early 20th century saw an increasing recognition that forests serve as habitats..."
（19世纪末和20世纪初见证了人们日益认识到森林作为栖息地的作用...）使用时间名词（The late 19th... century）作主语，搭配 `saw`（见证），是高级英语写作中极具文学色彩且地道的表达方式，避免了总是用 `people realized in...` 的平淡句式。