Skip to content

Part B: Ordering Utterances (2011)

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A]
No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become lawyer in three years and medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. 
[B]
His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what "general education" should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, "the great books are read because they have been read" they form sort of social glue. 
[C]
Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelors degrees in 1970-1971 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. 
[D]
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on professional qualification. 
[E]
[固定位 3] Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of doctoral degree into prerequisite for successful academic career: as late as 1969 third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable." So disciplines acquire monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. 
[F]
The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced." Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. "Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic." Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say. 
[G]
[固定位 1] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American universities, and Louis Menand, professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. 

Answer Sheet

Order1234567
ParagraphG4142E434445
Answer(Fixed)BD(Fixed)ACF

答案解析 (Answers & Analysis)

[G] 固定位 (首段)。 G段引出了本书的作者 Louis Menand 及其著作 The Marketplace of Ideas,为全文定下了讨论美国大学教育现状的基调。

41. [B] 代词指代衔接。 G段末尾介绍了 Louis Menand,B段首句直接以 “His concern is mainly with the humanities” 开头,His 完美指代 Louis Menand。同时,B段指出了人文学科(humanities)遇冷的现状,并提出大学在“通识教育(general education)”上面临的共识困难。

42. [D] 核心词汇复现。 B段末尾提到难以在通识教育上达成一致。D段首句立刻回应:“One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that...”。D段解释了通识教育(liberal-arts education)和专业教育(professional education)被强行分离(kept separate)是导致课程设计困难的原因。

[E] 固定位。 E段首句 “Besides professionalising the professions by this separation...” 中的 this separation 完美承接D段提到的 kept separate。E段进一步指出,大学不仅将职业专业化,也将教授(professor)专业化,并把获取博士学位作为门槛。

43. [A] 概念延伸与例子。 E段提到了博士学位(doctoral degree)和专业化(professionalism)。A段首句紧接着指出:“No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities(没有人文学科对专业化如此狂热)”。接着,A段用获取人文学科博士学位需要9年,且有一半人退学(drop out)的例子来支撑这一观点。

44. [C] 逻辑副词呼应。 A段末尾提到,读人文博士的人有一半会退学(Not surprisingly... half... drop out)。C段首句紧跟:“Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships...(同样不令人惊讶的是,只有大约一半的人最终获得了教授职位)”。Not surprisingly 和 Equally unsurprisingly 构成了完美的并列排比逻辑,指出了人文学科博士出路狭窄的惨状。

45. [F] 总结全文。 经过前面各段对大学教育和博士培养制度的分析,F段作为全文总结,首句借 Menand 先生之口得出结论:“The key to reforming higher education... is to alter the way in which the producers of knowledge are produced.”,呼吁改革知识生产者的培养方式。这也是典型的书评总结段落。

Practice makes perfect.