Section B: Information Matching

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Is juicing actually good for you?

[A] Freshly juiced fruit has become a basic dietary item — especially for busy, health-conscious consumers who can save time on making (and perhaps even chewing) their food without missing out on nutrients. Fruit juice also has been linked to claims that it can help you both lose weight and stay healthy. All of which, of course, has made it highly profitable. The global fruit and vegetable juices market was valued at $154 billion in 2016 and is expected to grow.

[B] But is juicing really as healthy as we think? Most foods containing fructose—a naturally occurring sugar found in all fruits and fruit juices — don't seem to have harmful effects as long as they're not contributing to excess daily calories. This is because the fibre found in whole fruits is intact, and the sugar is contained within the fruit's cells. It takes our digestive system a while to break these cells down and for fructose to enter the bloodstream.

[C] But this is not the case with fruit juice. Unlike whole fruit, fruit juice has most of the fibre removed. This is why the fructose in fruit juices counts as 'free sugars'— which also include honey and the sugars added to foods. It's recommended by the World Health Organisation that adults have no more than 30g of added sugar, the equivalent of 150ml of fruit juice, per day. The problem is that, with the fibre removed, fruit juice's fructose is absorbed more quickly. Sudden increases in blood sugar cause the release of insulin to bring it back down to a stable level. Over time, this mechanism can wear out increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In 2013, researchers analysed the health data of 100,000 people collected between 1986 and 2009 and found that fruit juice consumption was linked with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Another study found a relationship between fruit juice and type 2 diabetes after following the diets and diabetes status of more than 70,000 nurses over 18 years. The researchers explain that the possible reason for this may partly have been the lack of the other components found in whole fruit, like fibre.

[D] Juices containing vegetables can provide more nutrients and less sugar than juices made up of just fruit — but they still lack valuable fibre. Diets high in fibre have been linked to a lower risk of developing heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and diabetes, and it's recommended adults consume 30g per day.

[E] Aside from the link to type 2 diabetes, many studies agree that fruit juice is harmful if it contributes to an excess in calories. In an analysis of 155 studies, John Sievenpiper, associate professor at the University of Toronto's Department of Nutritional Sciences, set out to understand if the associations between sugary soft drinks and health — including risk of diabetes and heart disease — were applicable to the food and drink we generally consume as part of a healthy diet. He compared studies looking into the effects of fructose-containing sugars with control diets free from or lower in these sugars. His aim? To isolate the effects of consuming too many calories from the effects of foods containing different sugars.

[F] He found negative effects on blood sugar and insulin levels when food provided excess calories from sugars, including fruit juice. However, when the calories weren't in excess overall, there were some advantages to consuming whole fruit — and even fruit juice. Sievenpiper concludes that the recommended 150ml of fruit juice per day, which is an average serving, is reasonable. The paper concluded that foods containing fructose may have some small benefits for long-term blood sugar control when they don't lead to over-consumption of calories. But when they do lead to too many calories, they risk raising blood sugar and insulin levels.

[G] So while we know that fruit juice can cause diabetes if it's part of a diet that has more calories overall, it's less clear how juice affects the long-term health of those who aren't overweight. But we have a higher risk of consuming more than the recommended daily number of calories (around 2,000 for women and 2,500 for men) on the days we drink juice, according to research. Numerous studies have shown that drinking fruit juice doesn't make us consume any less of other foods throughout the day.

[H] As it is easy to consume large amounts of fruit juice quite quickly, extra calories are taken in. And extra calories can contribute to weight gain. One way we can improve the effects of fruit juice on our health is making sure we select ripe fruit to retain as much of its goodness as possible, according to Roger Clemens, professor of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Southern California.

[I] Another reason for fruit juice's recent popularity is the argument that it can help to remove poisonous or harmful substances from the body. However, 'the whole concept of a juice diet helping to remove poisonous or harmful substances from the body is completely false,' says Clemens. 'We consume compounds every day that may be poisonous and our bodies do a wonderful job of removing and eliminating anything harmful from our bodies.'

[J] And juice isn't a cure-all for getting your nutrients, either. 'There are a lot of nutrients contained in the parts of the fruits, such as in apple skins, that are excluded when you juice them,' says Heather Ferris, a professor of medicine. 'You end up with sugary water with some vitamins.'

[K] Plus, she adds, it's not an ideal way to reach the advised 'five a day'. 'People try to get five servings of fruit and vegetables per day and don't realise this isn't just about getting vitamins,' she says. 'It's also about reducing the amount of grain carbs and protein and fats in our diet, and increasing fibre.' So while fruit juice is better than no fruit at all, there are limits. It particularly comes with risks when we consume more than 150ml of free sugars per day, or when it puts us over our recommended calorie intake. It provides us with vitamins — but fruit juice is far from a quick fix.

36. Fruit juice is different from whole fruit in that it contains much less fibre.

37. Some people believe a juice diet helps to rid our body of harmful or poisonous substances.

38. A lot of research comes to the same conclusion that fruit juice does harm to the human body when it leads to surplus calories.

39. The claimed health benefits of fruit and vegetable juices have rendered the industry very profitable.

40. To increase the benefits of fruit juice to our health, we'd better choose ripe fruit to make juice.

41. Diets containing large amounts of fibre reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and other health hazards.

42. According to a research paper, drinking fruit juice is beneficial on condition that it is consumed in reasonable amounts.

43. One expert claims that juicing wastes a lot of nutrients contained in fruits.

44. It takes some time for fruit's cells to be digested and for fructose to be absorbed.

45. A lot of research has demonstrated that drinking fruit juice does not reduce our daily consumption of other foods.

Answers & Explanations

36. C。解析：题干中的 contains much less fibre（包含少得多的纤维）对应 [C] 段中的 fruit juice has most of the fibre removed（果汁中大部分的纤维被移除了）。much less 与 most... removed 是同义替换。

37. I。解析：题干中的 rid our body of harmful or poisonous substances（清除我们体内的有害或有毒物质）对应 [I] 段中的 remove poisonous or harmful substances from the body。rid... of 与 remove... from 完美替换。

38. E。解析：题干中的 surplus calories（卡路里过剩/盈余）对应 [E] 段第一句中的 excess in calories。surplus 与 excess 完美替换。

39. A。解析：题干中的 rendered the industry very profitable（使得该行业非常有利可图）对应 [A] 段中的 made it highly profitable（使之高度盈利）。rendered 对应 made。

40. H。解析：题干中的 choose ripe fruit（选择成熟的水果）对应 [H] 段最后一句中的 select ripe fruit。choose 与 select 完美替换。

41. D。解析：题干中的 Diets containing large amounts of fibre（含有大量纤维的饮食）对应 [D] 段中的 Diets high in fibre；health hazards（健康隐患）对应 risk of developing heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and diabetes。

42. F。解析：题干中的 beneficial（有益的）对应 [F] 段中的 some advantages 和 some small benefits；reasonable amounts（合理的数量）对应 recommended 150ml... is reasonable。

43. J。解析：题干中的 wastes a lot of nutrients（浪费了大量营养）对应 [J] 段中教授所说的 There are a lot of nutrients contained in the parts of the fruits... that are excluded when you juice them（水果的某些部分含有大量营养物质...当你榨汁时，这些物质被排除了）。wastes 对应 excluded。

44. B。解析：题干中的 takes some time for fruit's cells to be digested（水果细胞被消化需要一段时间）对应 [B] 段最后一句 It takes our digestive system a while to break these cells down（我们的消化系统需要一段时间来分解这些细胞）。

45. G。解析：题干中的 drinking fruit juice does not reduce our daily consumption of other foods（喝果汁并没有减少我们日常对其他食物的消费）对应 [G] 段最后一句 drinking fruit juice doesn't make us consume any less of other foods throughout the day（喝果汁并没有让我们在一天中少吃其他食物）。

全文翻译

[A] 鲜榨果汁已成为基本饮食项目——特别是对于忙碌、注重健康的消费者来说，他们可以节省制作（甚至可能是咀嚼）食物的时间，同时不遗漏营养。果汁也与它能帮助你减肥和保持健康的说法联系在一起。所有这些，当然，使其非常有利可图。2016年全球果蔬汁市场价值1540亿美元，预计将增长。

[B] 但榨汁真的像我们想的那么健康吗？大多数含有果糖（一种在所有水果和果汁中发现的天然糖）的食物，只要它们不导致每日卡路里超标，似乎没有有害影响。这是因为整个水果中的纤维是完整的，糖被包含在水果的细胞内。我们的消化系统需要一段时间来分解这些细胞，让果糖进入血液。

[C] 但果汁的情况并非如此。与整个水果不同，果汁的大部分纤维被去除了。这就是为什么果汁中的果糖被算作"游离糖"——这也包括蜂蜜和添加到食物中的糖。世界卫生组织建议成年人每天摄入不超过30克添加糖，相当于150毫升果汁。问题在于，随着纤维被去除，果汁中的果糖被更快地吸收。血糖的突然升高会导致胰岛素释放以将其降回稳定水平。随着时间的推移，这种机制可能失灵，增加患2型糖尿病的风险。2013年，研究人员分析了1986年至2009年间收集的10万人的健康数据，发现果汁消费与2型糖尿病风险增加有关。另一项研究在跟踪了超过7万名护士18年的饮食和糖尿病状况后，发现了果汁与2型糖尿病之间的关系。研究人员解释说，这可能的原因部分在于缺乏全水果中发现的其他成分，如纤维。

[D] 含有蔬菜的果汁比纯水果汁能提供更多营养和更少糖分——但它们仍然缺乏有价值的纤维。高纤维饮食已被联系到较低的心脏病、中风、高血压和糖尿病风险，建议成年人每天摄入30克。

[E] 除了与2型糖尿病的联系，许多研究一致认为，如果果汁导致卡路里超标，则是有害的。在对155项研究的分析中，多伦多大学营养科学系副教授约翰·西文派珀着手了解含糖软饮料与健康之间的关联——包括糖尿病和心脏病风险——是否适用于我们通常作为健康饮食一部分消费的食品和饮料。他比较了研究含果糖糖类影响的试验与不含或较低这些糖类的对照饮食。他的目标？将摄入过多卡路里的影响与含有不同糖类食物的影响分离开来。

[F] 他发现当食物提供超额的糖类卡路里（包括果汁）时，对血糖和胰岛素水平有负面影响。然而，当卡路里总体上没有超额时，消费整个水果——甚至果汁——有一些好处。西文派珀得出结论，每天推荐150毫升果汁，这是一个平均份量，是合理的。该论文总结说，含有果糖的食物在不会导致卡路里过度消费时，可能对长期血糖控制有一些小的好处。但当它们确实导致过多卡路里时，它们有提高血糖和胰岛素水平的风险。

[G] 因此，虽然我们知道如果果汁是总体卡路里超标的饮食的一部分，它可能导致糖尿病，但不太清楚果汁如何影响那些不超重的人的长期健康。但根据研究，我们在喝果汁的日子里，消费超过每日推荐卡路里数（女性约2,000，男性约2,500）的风险更高。大量研究表明，喝果汁并不会让我们在一天中其他食物消费减少。

[H] 由于很容易快速摄入大量果汁，额外的卡路里被摄入。而额外的卡路里可能导致体重增加。根据南加州大学药学教授罗杰·克莱门斯的说法，我们可以改善果汁对我们健康影响的一种方法是确保我们选择成熟的水果，以尽可能多地保留其养分。

[I] 果汁最近受欢迎的另一个原因是它可以帮助去除体内有毒或有害物质的说法。然而，"果汁饮食有助于去除体内有毒或有害物质的整个概念是完全错误的，"克莱门斯说。"我们每天摄入可能有害的化合物，我们的身体在去除和排除任何有害物质方面做得很好。"

[J] 而果汁也不是获取营养的万能药。"水果的部分，如苹果皮，含有很多营养素，这些在你榨汁时被排除了，"医学教授希瑟·费里斯说。"你最终得到的是含有些维生素的糖水。"

[K] 此外，她补充说，这不是达到建议"每天五份"的理想方式。"人们试图每天获得五份水果和蔬菜，却没有意识到这不仅仅是获取维生素的问题，"她说。"这也关乎减少我们饮食中的谷物碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的量，并增加纤维。"因此，虽然果汁比完全不吃水果要好，但有限制。特别是当我们每天摄入超过150毫升游离糖，或当它使我们超过推荐的卡路里摄入量时，它带有风险。它为我们提供维生素——但果汁远非一个快速解决方案。

核心搭配与高分句型

【核心搭配与高频短语】

• miss out on：错过，错失（without missing out on nutrients）
• be linked to：与...有关（has been linked to claims）
• the equivalent of：...的等量物，相当于（the equivalent of 150ml of fruit juice）
• wear out：磨损，耗尽，（机制）失效（this mechanism can wear out）
• set out to do：开始/着手去做某事（set out to understand if...）
• free from：没有...的，不受...影响的（control diets free from or lower in these sugars）
• far from：远非，一点也不（fruit juice is far from a quick fix）
• rid sb/sth of sth：使...摆脱...（rid our body of harmful substances）

【亮点句型解析】

• As long as 引导的条件状语从句 (只要...)：
  "Most foods containing fructose... don't seem to have harmful effects as long as they're not contributing to excess daily calories."
  （含有果糖的大多数食物...似乎没有有害影响，只要它们不导致每日卡路里过剩。）`as long as` 是表达条件非常地道的连词，比 `if` 语气更强，强调“唯一的条件”。
• This is the case / This is not the case (情况就是这样 / 并非如此)：
  "But this is not the case with fruit juice."
  （但果汁的情况并非如此。）这是一种极其简洁且极具连接性的过渡句，用于对比上一段描述的情况与本段描述的情况完全相反。在四六级写作中用于段落转折非常出彩。