Section B: Information Matching

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Is juicing actually good for you?

[A] Freshly juiced fruit has become a basic dietary item — especially for busy, health-conscious consumers who can save time on making (and perhaps even chewing) their food without missing out on nutrients. Fruit juice also has been linked to claims that it can help you both lose weight and stay healthy. All of which, of course, has made it highly profitable. The global fruit and vegetable juices market was valued at $154 billion in 2016 and is expected to grow.

[B] But is juicing really as healthy as we think? Most foods containing fructose—a naturally occurring sugar found in all fruits and fruit juices — don't seem to have harmful effects as long as they're not contributing to excess daily calories. This is because the fibre found in whole fruits is intact, and the sugar is contained within the fruit's cells. It takes our digestive system a while to break these cells down and for fructose to enter the bloodstream.

[C] But this is not the case with fruit juice. Unlike whole fruit, fruit juice has most of the fibre removed. This is why the fructose in fruit juices counts as 'free sugars'— which also include honey and the sugars added to foods. It's recommended by the World Health Organisation that adults have no more than 30g of added sugar, the equivalent of 150ml of fruit juice, per day. The problem is that, with the fibre removed, fruit juice's fructose is absorbed more quickly. Sudden increases in blood sugar cause the release of insulin to bring it back down to a stable level. Over time, this mechanism can wear out increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In 2013, researchers analysed the health data of 100,000 people collected between 1986 and 2009 and found that fruit juice consumption was linked with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Another study found a relationship between fruit juice and type 2 diabetes after following the diets and diabetes status of more than 70,000 nurses over 18 years. The researchers explain that the possible reason for this may partly have been the lack of the other components found in whole fruit, like fibre.

[D] Juices containing vegetables can provide more nutrients and less sugar than juices made up of just fruit — but they still lack valuable fibre. Diets high in fibre have been linked to a lower risk of developing heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and diabetes, and it's recommended adults consume 30g per day.

[E] Aside from the link to type 2 diabetes, many studies agree that fruit juice is harmful if it contributes to an excess in calories. In an analysis of 155 studies, John Sievenpiper, associate professor at the University of Toronto's Department of Nutritional Sciences, set out to understand if the associations between sugary soft drinks and health — including risk of diabetes and heart disease — were applicable to the food and drink we generally consume as part of a healthy diet. He compared studies looking into the effects of fructose-containing sugars with control diets free from or lower in these sugars. His aim? To isolate the effects of consuming too many calories from the effects of foods containing different sugars.

[F] He found negative effects on blood sugar and insulin levels when food provided excess calories from sugars, including fruit juice. However, when the calories weren't in excess overall, there were some advantages to consuming whole fruit — and even fruit juice. Sievenpiper concludes that the recommended 150ml of fruit juice per day, which is an average serving, is reasonable. The paper concluded that foods containing fructose may have some small benefits for long-term blood sugar control when they don't lead to over-consumption of calories. But when they do lead to too many calories, they risk raising blood sugar and insulin levels.

[G] So while we know that fruit juice can cause diabetes if it's part of a diet that has more calories overall, it's less clear how juice affects the long-term health of those who aren't overweight. But we have a higher risk of consuming more than the recommended daily number of calories (around 2,000 for women and 2,500 for men) on the days we drink juice, according to research. Numerous studies have shown that drinking fruit juice doesn't make us consume any less of other foods throughout the day.

[H] As it is easy to consume large amounts of fruit juice quite quickly, extra calories are taken in. And extra calories can contribute to weight gain. One way we can improve the effects of fruit juice on our health is making sure we select ripe fruit to retain as much of its goodness as possible, according to Roger Clemens, professor of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Southern California.

[I] Another reason for fruit juice's recent popularity is the argument that it can help to remove poisonous or harmful substances from the body. However, 'the whole concept of a juice diet helping to remove poisonous or harmful substances from the body is completely false,' says Clemens. 'We consume compounds every day that may be poisonous and our bodies do a wonderful job of removing and eliminating anything harmful from our bodies.'

[J] And juice isn't a cure-all for getting your nutrients, either. 'There are a lot of nutrients contained in the parts of the fruits, such as in apple skins, that are excluded when you juice them,' says Heather Ferris, a professor of medicine. 'You end up with sugary water with some vitamins.'

[K] Plus, she adds, it's not an ideal way to reach the advised 'five a day'. 'People try to get five servings of fruit and vegetables per day and don't realise this isn't just about getting vitamins,' she says. 'It's also about reducing the amount of grain carbs and protein and fats in our diet, and increasing fibre.' So while fruit juice is better than no fruit at all, there are limits. It particularly comes with risks when we consume more than 150ml of free sugars per day, or when it puts us over our recommended calorie intake. It provides us with vitamins — but fruit juice is far from a quick fix.

36. Fruit juice is different from whole fruit in that it contains much less fibre.

37. Some people believe a juice diet helps to rid our body of harmful or poisonous substances.

38. A lot of research comes to the same conclusion that fruit juice does harm to the human body when it leads to surplus calories.

39. The claimed health benefits of fruit and vegetable juices have rendered the industry very profitable.

40. To increase the benefits of fruit juice to our health, we'd better choose ripe fruit to make juice.

41. Diets containing large amounts of fibre reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and other health hazards.

42. According to a research paper, drinking fruit juice is beneficial on condition that it is consumed in reasonable amounts.

43. One expert claims that juicing wastes a lot of nutrients contained in fruits.

44. It takes some time for fruit's cells to be digested and for fructose to be absorbed.

45. A lot of research has demonstrated that drinking fruit juice does not reduce our daily consumption of other foods.

Answers & Explanations

36. C。解析：题干中的 contains much less fibre（包含少得多的纤维）对应 [C] 段中的 fruit juice has most of the fibre removed（果汁中大部分的纤维被移除了）。much less 与 most... removed 是同义替换。

37. I。解析：题干中的 rid our body of harmful or poisonous substances（清除我们体内的有害或有毒物质）对应 [I] 段中的 remove poisonous or harmful substances from the body。rid... of 与 remove... from 完美替换。

38. E。解析：题干中的 surplus calories（卡路里过剩/盈余）对应 [E] 段第一句中的 excess in calories。surplus 与 excess 完美替换。

39. A。解析：题干中的 rendered the industry very profitable（使得该行业非常有利可图）对应 [A] 段中的 made it highly profitable（使之高度盈利）。rendered 对应 made。

40. H。解析：题干中的 choose ripe fruit（选择成熟的水果）对应 [H] 段最后一句中的 select ripe fruit。choose 与 select 完美替换。

41. D。解析：题干中的 Diets containing large amounts of fibre（含有大量纤维的饮食）对应 [D] 段中的 Diets high in fibre；health hazards（健康隐患）对应 risk of developing heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and diabetes。

42. F。解析：题干中的 beneficial（有益的）对应 [F] 段中的 some advantages 和 some small benefits；reasonable amounts（合理的数量）对应 recommended 150ml... is reasonable。

43. J。解析：题干中的 wastes a lot of nutrients（浪费了大量营养）对应 [J] 段中教授所说的 There are a lot of nutrients contained in the parts of the fruits... that are excluded when you juice them（水果的某些部分含有大量营养物质...当你榨汁时，这些物质被排除了）。wastes 对应 excluded。

44. B。解析：题干中的 takes some time for fruit's cells to be digested（水果细胞被消化需要一段时间）对应 [B] 段最后一句 It takes our digestive system a while to break these cells down（我们的消化系统需要一段时间来分解这些细胞）。

45. G。解析：题干中的 drinking fruit juice does not reduce our daily consumption of other foods（喝果汁并没有减少我们日常对其他食物的消费）对应 [G] 段最后一句 drinking fruit juice doesn't make us consume any less of other foods throughout the day（喝果汁并没有让我们在一天中少吃其他食物）。

核心搭配与高分句型

【核心搭配与高频短语】

• miss out on：错过，错失（without missing out on nutrients）
• be linked to：与...有关（has been linked to claims）
• the equivalent of：...的等量物，相当于（the equivalent of 150ml of fruit juice）
• wear out：磨损，耗尽，（机制）失效（this mechanism can wear out）
• set out to do：开始/着手去做某事（set out to understand if...）
• free from：没有...的，不受...影响的（control diets free from or lower in these sugars）
• far from：远非，一点也不（fruit juice is far from a quick fix）
• rid sb/sth of sth：使...摆脱...（rid our body of harmful substances）

【亮点句型解析】

• As long as 引导的条件状语从句 (只要...)：
  "Most foods containing fructose... don't seem to have harmful effects as long as they're not contributing to excess daily calories."
  （含有果糖的大多数食物...似乎没有有害影响，只要它们不导致每日卡路里过剩。）`as long as` 是表达条件非常地道的连词，比 `if` 语气更强，强调“唯一的条件”。
• This is the case / This is not the case (情况就是这样 / 并非如此)：
  "But this is not the case with fruit juice."
  （但果汁的情况并非如此。）这是一种极其简洁且极具连接性的过渡句，用于对比上一段描述的情况与本段描述的情况完全相反。在四六级写作中用于段落转折非常出彩。