Section I: Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that [1] the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by [2] factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big [3] was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. [4], he theorised that a judge [5] of appearing too soft [6] crime might be more likely to send someone to prison [7] he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

To [8] this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the [9] of an applicant should not depend on the few others [10] randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was [11].

He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews [12] by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had [13] applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale [14] numerous factors into consideration. The scores were [15] used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is [16] out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one [17] that, then the score for the next applicant would [18] by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to [19] the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been [20].

1.

[A]grants

[B]submits

[C]transmits

[D]delivers

2.

[A]minor

[B]external

[C]crucial

[D]objective

3.

[A]issue

[B]vision

[C]picture

[D]moment

4.

[A]Above all

[B]On average

[C]In principle

[D]For example

5.

[A]fond

[B]fearful

[C]capable

[D]thoughtless

6.

[A]in

[B]for

[C]to

[D]on

7.

[A]if

[B]until

[C]though

[D]unless

8.

[A]test

[B]emphasize

[C]share

[D]promote

9.

[A]decision

[B]quality

[C]status

[D]success

10.

[A]found

[B]studied

[C]chosen

[D]identified

11.

[A]otherwise

[B]defensible

[C]replaceable

[D]exceptional

12.

[A]inspired

[B]expressed

[C]conducted

[D]secured

13.

[A]assigned

[B]rated

[C]matched

[D]arranged

14.

[A]put

[B]got

[C]took

[D]gave

15.

[A]instead

[B]then

[C]ever

[D]rather

16.

[A]selected

[B]passed

[C]marked

[D]introduced

17.

[A]below

[B]after

[C]above

[D]before

18.

[A]jump

[B]float

[C]fluctuate

[D]drop

19.

[A]achieve

[B]undo

[C]maintain

[D]disregard

20.

[A]necessary

[B]possible

[C]promising

[D]helpful

Answers & Explanations (答案与深度解析)

核心逻辑解析

1. [A] grants (赋予/授予)。解析：句意“乍一看，这似乎是一种优势，它赋予（grants）了人们做出公正判断的能力”。submits(提交), transmits(传输), delivers(递送)均不合语境。

2. [B] external (外部的)。解析：不受什么因素偏见影响？当然是“外部因素（external factors）”，即背景信息。minor(微小的), crucial(关键的), objective(客观的)语义不符。

3. [C] picture (全景/大局)。解析：固定搭配 the big picture（大局/整体情况）。人们无法考虑大局，导致被日常的小样本信息带偏。

4. [D] For example (例如)。解析：上文提出了 Dr Simonsohn 的理论猜测，下文举了“法官”的具体案例。因此填入 For example（例如）作逻辑过渡。

5. [B] fearful (害怕的)。解析：固定搭配 be fearful of...（害怕...）。法官“害怕（fearful）”显得太软弱。fond of(喜欢), capable of(有能力), thoughtless(欠考虑)逻辑不通。

6. [D] on (对.../关于)。解析：固定搭配 soft on crime（对犯罪手段软弱/心慈手软）。

7. [A] if (如果)。解析：上下文是假设关系：“如果（if）他那天已经判了五六个被告只做社区服务，那么他可能会更倾向于把下一个人送进监狱”。until(直到), though(虽然), unless(除非)不构成顺承逻辑。

8. [A] test (检验/测试)。解析：为了“检验（test）”这个想法，他把目光投向了大学录取过程。emphasize(强调), share(分享), promote(促进)。

9. [D] success (成功)。解析：申请人的“成功（success）”（即是否被录取）不应该取决于当天面试的其他几个人。

10. [C] chosen (选择)。解析：the few others chosen randomly (随机挑选出来的其他人)。这里是过去分词作后置定语。found(发现), studied(研究), identified(识别)。

11. [A] otherwise (并非如此/相反)。解析：理论上不该受影响，但西蒙逊博士怀疑真相“并非如此/恰恰相反（otherwise）”。defensible(可辩护的), replaceable(可替换的), exceptional(异常的)。

12. [C] conducted (执行/进行)。解析：搭配 conduct interviews (进行面试)。9323场由招生官进行的（conducted）MBA面试。inspired(激发), expressed(表达), secured(获得)。

13. [B] rated (给...打分/评价)。解析：面试官按一到五分的标准对申请人进行了“打分（rated）”。assigned(分配), matched(匹配), arranged(安排)。

14. [C] took (带/拿)。解析：固定搭配 take... into consideration（将...考虑在内）。

15. [B] then (然后)。解析：评分之后，这些分数“然后（then）”被用来与GMAT成绩结合使用。表时间顺承。instead(代替), ever(曾经), rather(宁愿)。

16. [C] marked (打分)。解析：which is marked out of 800 points (满分为800分来进行打分的考试)。mark out of... 是英式教育中常见的打分表达。selected(选择), passed(通过), introduced(引入)。

17. [D] before (在...之前)。解析：如果前一个候选人的分数比“在此之前（before that）”的候选人高出0.75分以上。表示连续三人的分数波动比较。below(在...下面), after(在...之后), above(在...之上)。

18. [D] drop (下降)。解析：受前面高分者的对比影响，下一个申请人的分数会“下降（drop）”。这是前文“法官倾向”理论在面试中的数据体现。jump(跳跃), float(漂浮), fluctuate(波动)。

19. [B] undo (消除/抵消)。解析：虽然分数下降听起来很小，但为了“抵消/消除（undo）”这种下降带来的影响，候选人需要... achieve(实现), maintain(维持), disregard(忽视)。

20. [A] necessary (必要的)。解析：候选人需要比原本“所必需的（necessary）”再多考30分GMAT。possible(可能的), promising(有希望的), helpful(有帮助的)。

考研核心句型与高频词汇

核心短语：
• on the whole (总体上)
• at first glance (乍一看)
• the big picture (大局/整体情况)
• soft on crime (对犯罪心慈手软)
• take... into consideration (将...考虑在内)
• in conjunction with (与...结合)

长难句剖析：
"This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary."
【解析】这是一个由 but 连接的并列句。在后半句中，to undo... 是不定式作目的状语；主干是 a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points；than 引导比较状语从句，than 后面省略了主语（30 points），would otherwise have been necessary 使用了虚拟语气，表示“原本需要的分数”。