Section I: Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that [1] the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by [2] factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big [3] was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. [4], he theorised that a judge [5] of appearing too soft [6] crime might be more likely to send someone to prison [7] he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.
To [8] this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the [9] of an applicant should not depend on the few others [10] randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was [11].
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews [12] by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had [13] applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale [14] numerous factors into consideration. The scores were [15] used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is [16] out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one [17] that, then the score for the next applicant would [18] by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to [19] the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been [20].
Answers & Explanations (答案与深度解析)
核心逻辑解析
1. [A] grants (赋予/授予)。解析：句意“乍一看，这似乎是一种优势，它赋予（grants）了人们做出公正判断的能力”。submits(提交), transmits(传输), delivers(递送)均不合语境。
2. [B] external (外部的)。解析：不受什么因素偏见影响？当然是“外部因素（external factors）”，即背景信息。minor(微小的), crucial(关键的), objective(客观的)语义不符。
3. [C] picture (全景/大局)。解析：固定搭配 the big picture（大局/整体情况）。人们无法考虑大局，导致被日常的小样本信息带偏。
4. [D] For example (例如)。解析：上文提出了 Dr Simonsohn 的理论猜测，下文举了“法官”的具体案例。因此填入 For example（例如）作逻辑过渡。
5. [B] fearful (害怕的)。解析：固定搭配 be fearful of...（害怕...）。法官“害怕（fearful）”显得太软弱。fond of(喜欢), capable of(有能力), thoughtless(欠考虑)逻辑不通。
6. [D] on (对.../关于)。解析：固定搭配 soft on crime（对犯罪手段软弱/心慈手软）。
7. [A] if (如果)。解析：上下文是假设关系：“如果（if）他那天已经判了五六个被告只做社区服务，那么他可能会更倾向于把下一个人送进监狱”。until(直到), though(虽然), unless(除非)不构成顺承逻辑。
8. [A] test (检验/测试)。解析：为了“检验（test）”这个想法，他把目光投向了大学录取过程。emphasize(强调), share(分享), promote(促进)。
9. [D] success (成功)。解析：申请人的“成功（success）”（即是否被录取）不应该取决于当天面试的其他几个人。
10. [C] chosen (选择)。解析：the few others chosen randomly (随机挑选出来的其他人)。这里是过去分词作后置定语。found(发现), studied(研究), identified(识别)。
11. [A] otherwise (并非如此/相反)。解析：理论上不该受影响，但西蒙逊博士怀疑真相“并非如此/恰恰相反（otherwise）”。defensible(可辩护的), replaceable(可替换的), exceptional(异常的)。
12. [C] conducted (执行/进行)。解析：搭配 conduct interviews (进行面试)。9323场由招生官进行的（conducted）MBA面试。inspired(激发), expressed(表达), secured(获得)。
13. [B] rated (给...打分/评价)。解析：面试官按一到五分的标准对申请人进行了“打分（rated）”。assigned(分配), matched(匹配), arranged(安排)。
14. [C] took (带/拿)。解析：固定搭配 take... into consideration（将...考虑在内）。
15. [B] then (然后)。解析：评分之后，这些分数“然后（then）”被用来与GMAT成绩结合使用。表时间顺承。instead(代替), ever(曾经), rather(宁愿)。
16. [C] marked (打分)。解析：which is marked out of 800 points (满分为800分来进行打分的考试)。mark out of... 是英式教育中常见的打分表达。selected(选择), passed(通过), introduced(引入)。
17. [D] before (在...之前)。解析：如果前一个候选人的分数比“在此之前（before that）”的候选人高出0.75分以上。表示连续三人的分数波动比较。below(在...下面), after(在...之后), above(在...之上)。
18. [D] drop (下降)。解析：受前面高分者的对比影响，下一个申请人的分数会“下降（drop）”。这是前文“法官倾向”理论在面试中的数据体现。jump(跳跃), float(漂浮), fluctuate(波动)。
19. [B] undo (消除/抵消)。解析：虽然分数下降听起来很小，但为了“抵消/消除（undo）”这种下降带来的影响，候选人需要... achieve(实现), maintain(维持), disregard(忽视)。
20. [A] necessary (必要的)。解析：候选人需要比原本“所必需的（necessary）”再多考30分GMAT。possible(可能的), promising(有希望的), helpful(有帮助的)。
全文翻译
总的来说，人们在做出个体决策时，不太善于考虑背景信息。乍一看，这似乎是一种优势，使人能够做出不受外部因素影响的公正判断。但乌里·西蒙森博士推测，无法考虑全局正导致决策者受到他们日常处理的信息样本的偏见。例如，他理论化地认为，一名担心对犯罪表现太过宽容的法官，如果在当天已经判处了五六个其他被告只进行强制社区服务，那么他更可能将某人送进监狱。
为了检验这一想法，他转向了大学录取过程。理论上，一个申请者的分数不应该取决于同一天随机被选中进行面试的其他几个人，但西蒙森博士怀疑事实恰恰相反。
他研究了由31名招生官员进行的9323次MBA面试结果。面试官按一到五的等级给申请者打分。这个评分体系将多种因素纳入考量。分数随后与申请者在管理学研究生入学考试（GMAT）中的成绩结合使用——GMAT是一项满分为800分的标准化考试——以决定是否录取该申请者。
西蒙森博士发现，如果在每日面试系列中前一位候选人的分数比再前一位高出0.75分或更多，那么下一位申请者的分数将平均下降0.075分。这听起来可能很小，但要抵消这种下降的影响，候选人需要比原先所需的GMAT分数多考30分。
考研核心句型与高频词汇
核心短语：
• on the whole (总体上)
• at first glance (乍一看)
• the big picture (大局/整体情况)
• soft on crime (对犯罪心慈手软)
• take... into consideration (将...考虑在内)
• in conjunction with (与...结合)
• on the whole (总体上)
• at first glance (乍一看)
• the big picture (大局/整体情况)
• soft on crime (对犯罪心慈手软)
• take... into consideration (将...考虑在内)
• in conjunction with (与...结合)
长难句剖析：
"This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary."
【解析】这是一个由 but 连接的并列句。在后半句中，to undo... 是不定式作目的状语；主干是 a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points；than 引导比较状语从句，than 后面省略了主语（30 points），would otherwise have been necessary 使用了虚拟语气，表示“原本需要的分数”。
"This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary."
【解析】这是一个由 but 连接的并列句。在后半句中，to undo... 是不定式作目的状语；主干是 a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points；than 引导比较状语从句，than 后面省略了主语（30 points），would otherwise have been necessary 使用了虚拟语气，表示“原本需要的分数”。