Part B: Ordering Utterances (2019)
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A]
These tools can help you win every argument - not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments - from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding - then we change the very nature of what it means to win an argument.
[B]
Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
[C] (固定位 6)
None of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
[D]
Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions - like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
[E]
In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: There is only one way...to get the best of an argument - and that is to avoid it. This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives - and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
[F] (固定位 3)
These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you dont get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win - in one way.
[G]
There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, Yes, and I yell, No, neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each others positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
Answer Sheet
答案解析 (Answers & Analysis)
41. [E] 首段定位。 E段以 Dale Carnegie 的名言开篇，指出人们普遍存在“避免争论（avoid it）”的倾向，并抛出总领全文的论点：这是一种“错误观点（mistaken view）”。
42. [D] 指代衔接。 D段首句“Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights”直接复现并回应了E段提到的 Carnegie。D段解释了为什么人们会把争论当成“战斗（fights）”或“比赛（competitions）”。
(43) [F] 固定位。 F段首句“These views of arguments also undermine reason”中的 These views 完美指代了D段中将争论视为战斗或比赛的负面观点。
43. [G] 观点转折。 在批判了旧观点后，G段首句“There is a better way to win arguments”提出了建设性的新观点，并用最低工资的例子对比了争吵与理性交流的不同结果。
44. [B] 语义递进。 G段描述了理想状态，B段紧接着用“Of course, many discussions are not so successful”进行客观的让步，强调在不完美时，我们需要谦逊（Humility）和自我反省。
(46) [C] 固定位。 C段首句“None of this will be easy”中的 this 指代的是B段中提到的“保持谦逊、承认对手的好论点”等高难度要求，并给出了具体的操作指南。
45. [A] 全文总结。 A段首句“These tools can help you win every argument”中的 These tools 精准指代C段中给出的一系列沟通技巧。A段在文末升华主题：重新定义了什么是真正的“赢（win）”。
全文翻译
[A] 这些工具可以帮助你赢得每一场争论——不是以不道德的方式，而是以一种迫使你质疑自己是否对自己的观点有充分依据、对自己持反对意见的反对对方有充分了解的方式。
[B] 如今，辩论学位的顶峰——牛津联盟奖不再仅仅授予辩手，而是捐赠给项目。去年，获奖者是一组宣扬英国退欧的学生。他们获得的民意调查比伯尼·桑德斯在年轻时获得的还要多。大卫·阿滕伯勒先生没有资格竞选，但在各类大学里，他是毕业生就业办公室最欢迎的人物。
[C] 但辩论真的能帮你在现实生活中获胜吗？我们采访了四位由牛津辩论社出身的成功人士，听听辩论训练如何帮助他们走向成功。
[D] 确实如此。对于最近的一篇论文，我最终采访了 400 人。我认为辩论带来的一个重要的事情是，你需要非常善于做笔记。你需要把人们观点的要点以简洁的方式提炼出来。这确实帮助了我写论文。
[E] 对于那些希望孩子成功的人来说，鼓励他们成为一个好的辩论者是通往美好未来的可行途径。孩子们，不要听你们老师的，听戈登·布朗的。
[F] 对。辩论的想法是让双方坐着。这几乎就像牛津联盟的"主席"——你必须保持头脑清醒，听取所有人的意见，尊重地提出观点，如果有人开玩笑，你必须能够接受，以确保在讨论中营造一个友好的环境。所有这些技能都对商业和管理有帮助。
[G] 我认为，学会如何成为一个好的辩者的另一部分是学会如何成为一个好的倾听者。通过辩论，你在学习以非常系统的方式从各方倾听。你是在学习非常快地消化正在发生的事情，然后产生一个有说服力的、严密论证的观点。