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Part C: Translation (2012)

Part 1: Full Text (Click to Translate)

Since the days of Aristotle, search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newtons laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind host of different phenomena into single explicatory framework. 
(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks theory of everything single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such theory would be simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains major goal. 
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the worlds languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. 
That, at least, is the hope. But comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. 
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates universal grammar. few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. 
(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. 
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2000 languages. (50) Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals. 

Part 2: Sentence Translation (Click to Expand)

(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything - a single generative equation for all we see.
(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.
(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
(50)Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

Part 3: Syntax Analysis (难点句型剖析)

(46) 句型拆解:并列谓语与同位语
主干为 one approach takes... and seeks...。难点在于短语 takes... to its extreme(把...发挥到极致)。破折号后 a single generative equation... 作 a theory of everything 的同位语,进一步解释“万有理论”是什么。

(47) 句型拆解:原因状语与形式主语
for if all humans... 中 for 作为连词表原因。主干中的 it seems reasonable to suppose that... 使用了 it 作形式主语,真正的主语是 to suppose...。从句中 be traced to 意为“追溯到”。

(48) 句型拆解:不定式作主语与宾语从句
主干 To filter out... might enable us to understand...,不定式作主语。其中 filter out A from B 意为“把 A 从 B 中过滤出来”。understand 后接了两个并列的宾语从句:how... arosewhat guides it

(49) 句型拆解:分词短语作状语与定语从句
主干为 The second... takes a more empirical approach...。逗号后 identifying traits... 为现在分词短语作伴随状语。shared by many languages 过去分词作后置定语修饰 traits。最后 which are considered to... 引导非限制性定语从句,继续修饰 traits。

(50) 句型拆解:并列转折连词 whereas
这是一个由 whereas(而...) 连接的并列句,对比了 Chomsky 和 Greenbergian 的理论预测。前句中 that are independent of... 定语从句修饰 patterns;后句 predicts... between... 描述了两者之间的相互依存关系(co-dependencies)。

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