Part B: Information Matching (2026)

In an effort to support restoration programmes, specialists are developing supplies of seeds and seedlings, maintaining gene banks and sequencing the genomes of indigenous trees and other crops. Their work deals with one of the problems that could block major restoration efforts in different parts of the world.

“Where’s the planting material going to come from? That’s one big bottleneck,” says genetic-resources specialist Ramni Jamnadass.

Asia is arguably the region most neglected by global efforts to increase diversity in restoration and to study native species. Christopher Kettle, Biodiversity International’s director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure-things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings-might be most desperate here because many trees are ‘masting’ species, which don’t produce seeds every year. People need to be ready. “Otherwise, you miss the boat, you lose all the seed and you’ve got to wait another seven years,” says Kettle. “This is a really, really critical issue for restoration in Southeast Asia, because many of the most important timber species and tree species-the ones that will lock up the most carbon-they’re all masting species.”

Climate change is a driving factor in the push to restore forests, but it also raises questions, such as where trees can thrive in the future. Climate change is also expected to alter relationships between trees, insects, diseases and other forest species. “Insects that today are a minor problem may become a major problem if they can produce three or four generations in a year,” says John Stanturf. This remains a significant knowledge gap. “We know enough to know that this is a concern, but we don’t know enough about how to respond to it yet. That’s a great area to be doing research.” So is soil, says Cindy Prescott, a forest ecologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. “If you don’t look at the soil at start, you can spend a lot of money and time putting in species that aren’t going to survive there.”

With so much research left to do, leaders in the field have been doing some soul-searching, and acknowledging that restoration can be motivated by-and designed to meet-different needs. “When you talk about conservation or restoration, the first question has to be restoration by whom, for whom?” says Daniel Janzen, a biologist at the University of Pennsylvania.

The question can have more than one answer. Much of the global funding for restoration is dedicated to developing it as a tool to mitigate climate change, notes restoration ecologist Pedro Brancalion. “But if you ask a farmer in Brazil if he or she is concerned about climate change, they would say, ‘No, I am concerned about water,’” he says. Their interests as stewards of the land need to be better integrated with those who have the money to support restoration.

That has been the strongest lesson of all for forest ecologist Robin Chazdon. Restoration is about more than what gets planted in the ground, she says. “Yes, it’s about forests, but it’s really about people. They are the agents of restoration.”

Matching Questions

Statements

[A]

People must pay attention to the fact that some kinds of trees do not produce seeds annually.

[B]

Soil is an important element to be taken into account in forest restoration.

[C]

The purpose of restoration efforts may be different from the real needs of the people involved.

[D]

Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.

[E]

The supply of seeds is a tough problem that has to be dealt with.

[F]

When it comes to restoration, we have to stay with an awareness of whose interests to serve.

[G]

Some creatures in the forest that multiply fast can become a great threat to forest restoration.

Names

41. Ramni Jamnadass

42. Christopher Kettle

43. John Stanturf

44. Pedro Brancalion

45. Robin Chazdon

全文翻译

为了支持恢复计划，专家们正在开发种子和树苗供应，维护基因库，并对本土树木和其他作物的基因组进行测序。他们的工作解决了可能阻碍世界各地重大恢复工作的问题之一。

"种植材料从哪里来？这是一个巨大的瓶颈，"遗传资源专家拉姆尼·詹纳达斯说。可以说，亚洲是在增加恢复多样性和研究本土物种的全球努力中最被忽视的地区。生物多样性国际驻罗马的森林遗传资源与恢复主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔说，这里对基础设施的需求——如收集和储存种子的机制，以及培育树苗的苗圃——可能最为迫切，因为许多树木是"大年结实"物种，不是每年都产种子。人们需要做好准备。"否则，你就错过了机会，失去了所有的种子，又得再等七年，"凯特尔说。"这对东南亚的恢复来说是一个非常、非常关键的问题，因为许多最重要的用材树种和树木物种——那些将固定最多碳的树种——它们都是大年结实物种。"

气候变化是推动森林恢复的驱动因素，但也带来了问题，比如未来树木在哪里可以茁壮成长。气候变化也有望改变树木、昆虫、疾病和其他森林物种之间的关系。"今天是小问题的昆虫，如果它们一年能繁殖三到四代，就可能成为大问题，"约翰·斯坦特夫说。这仍然是一个重大的知识空白。"我们足够了解这是一个值得关注的问题，但我们还不足够知道如何应对。那是一个进行研究的绝佳领域。"土壤也是如此，温哥华不列颠哥伦比亚大学的森林生态学家辛迪·普雷斯科特说。"如果你一开始不看土壤，你就可能花大量的金钱和时间引入那些不会在那里存活的物种。"

由于还有如此多的研究要做，该领域的领导者们一直在进行一些自我反思，并承认恢复可以由不同的需求来驱动——并被设计来满足不同的需求。"当你谈论保护或恢复时，第一个问题必须是：由谁恢复，为谁恢复？"宾夕法尼亚大学的生物学家丹尼尔·詹曾问道。

这个问题可以有多个答案。恢复生态学家佩德罗·布兰卡利昂指出，全球大部分恢复资金都用于将其发展为减缓气候变化的工具。"但如果你问巴西的一个农民他或她是否关心气候变化，他们会说，'不，我关心的是水，'"他说。他们作为土地管理者的利益需要与那些有钱支持恢复的人更好地整合。

这对森林生态学家罗宾·查兹顿来说是最深刻的教训。她说，恢复不仅仅是关于在地里种什么。"是的，这是关于森林的，但它实际上是关于人的。他们是恢复的推动者。"

答案解析 (Answers & Explanations)

41. Ramni Jamnadass 对应 [E]
第2段：“Where’s the planting material going to come from? That’s one big bottleneck,” says genetic-resources specialist Ramni Jamnadass. (种植材料要从哪里来？那是一个大瓶颈。)
种植材料（seeds/seedlings）对应 [E] 中的 `supply of seeds`；大瓶颈（big bottleneck）对应 `a tough problem`。所以选 [E] 种子的供应是一个必须处理的棘手问题。

42. Christopher Kettle 对应 [A]
第3段：Christopher Kettle 指出许多树木是“masting”物种，“which don’t produce seeds every year”（它们不是每年都产种子）。
“don't produce seeds every year” 直接同义替换为选项 [A] 中的 `do not produce seeds annually`（不是每年都产种子）。所以选 [A]。

43. John Stanturf 对应 [G]
第4段：“Insects that today are a minor problem may become a major problem if they can produce three or four generations in a year,” says John Stanturf. (如果一年能繁殖三四代，今天还是小问题的昆虫可能会变成大问题。)
昆虫一年繁殖三四代（produce three or four generations）对应选项 [G] 中的 `multiply fast`（快速繁殖）；变成大问题（become a major problem）对应 `become a great threat`（变成巨大威胁）。所以选 [G]。

44. Pedro Brancalion 对应 [C]
第6段：Pedro Brancalion指出很多资金用于缓解气候变化，但“如果你问巴西的农民……他们会说‘不，我关心的是水’”。
官方修复是为了气候，而当地人关心水。这说明两者的目的存在错位。直接对应选项 [C] “修复工作的目的可能与相关人员的实际需求不同（different from the real needs of the people involved）”。

45. Robin Chazdon 对应 [D]
第7段：Robin Chazdon 说：“Yes, it’s about forests, but it’s really about people. They are the agents of restoration.” (是的，这关乎森林，但这真的关乎人。他们是修复的动因。)
既关乎森林又关乎人（about forests... about people）对应选项 [D] 中的 `Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized`（在森林修复中，除了种植树木，还应强调人为因素）。所以选 [D]。