Part A: Reading Comprehension
Text 2
More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.
One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees” — those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring — said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.
Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of “unretiree” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.
“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “It’s not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”
One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 32% from the prior year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That’s also up 302% since 2010. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.
Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.
Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.
“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “It’s not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can’t retire.”
26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that
28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to
29. Many “unretirees” are increasing their savings by
30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are
答案解析 (Answers & Explanations)
26. [D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement.
解析：细节题。定位到第二段。调查显示：1. 三分之一的40岁以上美国人在退休后有工作或计划工作；2. 超过一半的“退而不休者”表示即使钱够花，他们晚年也愿意被雇佣（would be employed）。这说明越来越多的美国人“愿意在退休后工作（willing to work in retirement）”，选D。
27. [A] retirement may cause problems for them.
解析：推理题。定位到第三段。人们退而不休的原因不仅是缺钱，还包括个人满足感，比如“保持心理健康、防止无聊或避免抑郁（staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression）”。这反过来推理出：美国人认为完全退休可能会导致心理问题（无聊、抑郁），因此退休可能“会给他们带来问题（cause problems）”，选A。
28. [C] longer life expectancy.
解析：细节题。定位到第五段首句：“退休模式改变的一个原因：美国人活得更长了（Americans are living longer）”。“living longer”直接同义替换为选项C中的“longer life expectancy（更长的预期寿命）”。
29. [D] spending less.
解析：细节题。定位到第六段最后一句：“在他们这样做的最受欢迎的方式中……是通过减少他们的整体开支（by reducing their overall expenses）……”。“减少开支（reducing expenses）”完美对应选项D的“少花钱（spending less）”。
30. [A] unprepared.
解析：观点态度题。定位到倒数第二段和最后一段。Brent Weiss指出，很多人退休后还要工作是因为担心晚年入不敷出（making ends meet），他建议准退休人员应该与财务顾问交谈以设定长期财务目标。最后他强调，结婚、生子和最终退休是人生中最具挑战的时刻，这“不仅是一个财务决定，更是一个情感决定。许多人认为他们不能退休”。既然需要临时找顾问、又充满了担忧和认为自己无法退休，说明很多人对退休是“没有准备好的（unprepared）”，选A。
全文翻译
越来越多的美国人选择工作到退休之后，这一日益增长的趋势有可能颠覆旧有的劳动力模式。
根据Harris Poll为TD Ameritrade进行的一项调查，每三个40岁及以上的美国人中就有一个在退休后有工作或计划有工作，以为更长的寿命做准备。更令人惊讶的是，超过一半的"不退休者"——即计划在退休后工作或退休后重新工作的人——表示即使他们有足够的钱安顿下来，他们也会在晚年继续工作，调查显示。
经济需求并不是"不退休"趋势的唯一原因。根据该研究，其他原因包括个人满足感，如保持思维活跃、防止无聊或避免抑郁。约72%的"不退休"受访者表示他们退休后会重返工作岗位以保持思维活跃，而59%表示这与维持生计有关。
"退休的概念正在演变，"TD Ameritrade退休业务高级经理克里斯汀·拉塞尔说。"这不仅仅关乎财务。工作的价值也在推动人们在退休后继续工作。"
退休模式变化的一个原因：美国人的寿命更长了。根据美国人口普查局的数据，2018年65岁及以上人口占比16%，比上年增长32%，自2010年以来增长302%。老年美国人也是美国劳动力中增长最快的群体，婴儿潮一代的预期寿命比前几代人更长。过去三十年，退休年龄人口在劳动力中的比例翻了一番。根据理财公司United Income的数据，今年2月约20%的65岁及以上人口仍在工作，高于1985年1月的历史最低点10%。
由于寿命延长，美国人也在增加储蓄以保护养老储备金，TD Ameritrade对2000名40至79岁成年人的调查显示。十分之六的"不退休者"正在增加储蓄以应对更长的寿命。他们最常用的方式包括减少总体开支、购买人寿保险或最大化退休账户缴款。
不幸的是，许多选择在退休后工作的人之所以这样做，是因为他们担心晚年难以维持生计，巴尔的摩理财规划公司Facet Wealth联合创始人布伦特·韦斯说。他建议退休前的人应与理财顾问沟通以制定长期财务目标。
"人生中最具挑战性的时刻是结婚、组建家庭以及最终退休，"韦斯说。"这不仅仅是财务决定，也是情感决定。许多人认为他们无法退休。"
核心长难句精解 (High-Light)
1. 同位语与主语从句的嵌套：
"Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees” — those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring — said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed."
【解析】`Even more surprising is that...` 中 `that` 引导表语从句。在从句中，破折号之间的 `those who...` 是 `"unretirees"` 的同位语，用于解释什么是“退而不休者”。表语从句的核心谓语是 `said`，其后跟了一个省略 `that` 的宾语从句。而在宾语从句中，又嵌套了 `even if`（即使）引导的让步状语从句。
"Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees” — those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring — said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed."
【解析】`Even more surprising is that...` 中 `that` 引导表语从句。在从句中，破折号之间的 `those who...` 是 `"unretirees"` 的同位语，用于解释什么是“退而不休者”。表语从句的核心谓语是 `said`，其后跟了一个省略 `that` 的宾语从句。而在宾语从句中，又嵌套了 `even if`（即使）引导的让步状语从句。
2. while 引导的对比关系：
"About 72% of “unretiree” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet."
【解析】`while` 在此表示“而/然而”，用于对比两种不同的退而不休的动机：72%的人是为了保持心理健康（精神需求），而59%的人是迫于生计（财务需求）。`once retired` 是 `once they are retired` 的省略形式作时间状语。
"About 72% of “unretiree” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet."
【解析】`while` 在此表示“而/然而”，用于对比两种不同的退而不休的动机：72%的人是为了保持心理健康（精神需求），而59%的人是迫于生计（财务需求）。`once retired` 是 `once they are retired` 的省略形式作时间状语。
3. Among 引导的倒装句：
"Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts."
【解析】这是一个完全倒装句，正常的语序是：By reducing... is among the most popular ways...。因为介词短语 `Among the most popular ways...` 放在了句首以起强调作用，且主语是一长串由 `by` 引导的动名词短语并列，为了避免头重脚轻，故采用了倒装。`they are doing this` 是省略 `that/which` 的定语从句，修饰 `ways`。
"Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts."
【解析】这是一个完全倒装句，正常的语序是：By reducing... is among the most popular ways...。因为介词短语 `Among the most popular ways...` 放在了句首以起强调作用，且主语是一长串由 `by` 引导的动名词短语并列，为了避免头重脚轻，故采用了倒装。`they are doing this` 是省略 `that/which` 的定语从句，修饰 `ways`。