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Part C: Translation (2018)

Part 1: Full Text (Click to Translate)

Shakespeares lifetime was coincident with period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. (46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went to grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England. 
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London. For time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Pauls and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. (48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering means of livelihood. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun. 
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived. 

Part 2: Sentence Translation (Click to Expand)

(46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
(47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
(48)But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.
(49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

Part 3: Syntax Analysis (难点句型剖析)

(46) 句型拆解:并列宾语与介词短语
主干为 Europe was witnessing the passing... and the creation...(欧洲正见证着……的消逝和……的产生)。witnessing 的宾语是由 and 连接的两个名词短语。under the incentive of... 是介词短语作状语,说明新形式产生的原因(在……的推动下)。

(47) 句型拆解:双重否定与多重定语从句
主干为 no boy... could be ignorant that...(没有男孩能不知道……),双重否定表肯定。who went to a grammar school 是限定性定语从句修饰 boy。that 引导宾语从句说明“知道”的内容。在这个宾语从句中,which 引导定语从句修饰 literature,其中包含两个并列谓语 gave glory to...might yet bring honor to...

(48) 句型拆解:并列句与介词短语作状语
这是一个由 and 连接的并列句。第一句主干:the professional companies prospered...。第二句主干:university men... were quick to turn to...。其中 with literary ambitions 是介词短语作后置定语修饰 men;as offering a means of livelihoodas 引导介词短语作方式状语(将其作为……)。

(49) 句型拆解:独立主格结构与并列分句
本句包含三个并列的成分。第一部分 A native literary drama had been created 是主谓结构。第二部分 its alliance with the public playhouses established 是一个独立主格结构,相当于省略了 (was),表示伴随或补充说明。第三部分 and at least some of its great traditions had been begun 是另一个完整的被动语态分句。

(50) 句型拆解:不定式作目的状语与倒装
句首 To realize... 是不定式短语作目的状语。其内部 how great was the dramatic activity 是一个倒装结构,正常语序为 how the dramatic activity was great。主句为 we must remember further that... and that...,包含两个由 that 引导的并列宾语从句。第二个宾语从句中包含 whose 引导的定语从句修饰 author。

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