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Part C: Translation (2010)

Part 1: Full Text (Click to Translate)

One basic weakness in conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance. 
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. 
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. 
parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of benefit, real or fancied, to itself. 
Some species of trees have been "read out of the party" by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted. 
To sum up: system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts. 

Part 2: Sentence Translation (Click to Expand)

(46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
(47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
(48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
(49)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
(50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.

Part 3: Syntax Analysis (难点句型剖析)

(46) 句型拆解:介词短语与宾语从句
主干为 Scientists jumped to the rescue with... evidenceto the effect that 是固定搭配,引导同位语从句,解释说明证据(evidence)的具体内容。从句中嵌套了一个 if 引导的条件状语从句 if birds failed to control them

(47) 句型拆解:动词短语与宾语从句
主干为 we have... drawn nearer the point of admitting that...。其中 admitting 动名词作宾语,其后接 that 引导的宾语从句。regardless of... 引导方式状语(不管...),其中 presence or absence 是“存在与否”的意思。

(48) 句型拆解:固定结构与并列从句
句首 Time was when... 意为“曾经有一段时间...”。主句中 evidence 后接了两个由 or 连接的 that 引导的并列同位语从句:一是保护猎物健康,二是仅捕食无价值物种。

(49) 句型拆解:定语从句与非谓语动词
主干为 the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members...where 引导非限制性定语从句修饰 Europe。句末的 to be preserved as such 是不定式短语作补语,补充说明这些树种应当如何被对待。as such 在此指代上文的 members,即“作为群落成员(而受保护)”。

(50) 句型拆解:并列谓语与双重定语从句
主语 It 指代上文的保护体系。谓语部分是 tends to ignore... and to eliminate...(倾向于忽略并消除)。宾语 elements 之后跟了两个由 but 连接的 that 引导的并列定语从句:第一个说明其缺陷(缺乏商业价值),第二个说明其重要性(对健康运行必不可少)。

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