Use of English (2025)

Located in the southern Peloponnesian peninsula, Pavlopetri (the modern name of the site) emerged as a Neolithic settlement around 3500 B.C. This area of the Aegean Sea is [1] to earthquakes and tsunamis, which caused the city to [2] sink. The slow sea level rise in Mediterranean [3] this city around 3,000 years ago.

For millennia, the city’s [4] lay unseen below some 13 feet of water. They were covered by a thick layer of sand [5] the island of Laconia. In recent decades, shifting [6] and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that [7] Pavlopetri. In 1967, a scientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was [8] data to analyze changes in sea levels [9] British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the sunken [10]. A year later, he returned with a few students to [11] the location and map the site. The team identified some 15 buildings, courtyards, a network of streets, and two chamber tombs. [12] the exciting initial finds, the site would lie [13] for decades before archaeologists would return.

In 2009 archaeologists Chrysanthi Gallon and Jon Henderson [14] the excavation of Pavlopetri in cooperation with the Greek Ministry of Culture. Since the 1960s, underwater archaeology [15] and tools had made huge advances. The team [16] robotics, sonar mapping, and state-of-the-art graphics to survey the site. From 2009 to 2013 they were able to bring the underwater town to [17]. Covering about two and a half acres, Pavlopetri’s three main roads [18] some 50 rectangular buildings, all of which had open courtyards. Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan-style loom weights, [19] Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a [20] textile industry.

[A]relevant

[B]prone

[C]available

[D]alien

[A]accidentally

[B]frequently

[C]gradually

[D]temporarily

[A]disguised

[B]submerged

[C]relocated

[D]isolated

[A]legends

[B]programs

[C]remains

[D]surroundings

[A]across

[B]off

[C]under

[D]via

[A]currents

[B]rivers

[C]seasons

[D]winds

[A]elevated

[B]separated

[C]comprised

[D]protected

[A]gathering

[B]restoring

[C]updating

[D]supplying

[A]when

[B]until

[C]after

[D]once

10.

[A]belongings

[B]resources

[C]products

[D]structures

11.

[A]preserve

[B]select

[C]display

[D]examine

12.

[A]Despite

[B]Unlike

[C]Besides

[D]Among

13.

[A]unchallenged

[B]unknown

[C]unorganized

[D]undisturbed

14.

[A]suspended

[B]transferred

[C]resumed

[D]canceled

15.

[A]policies

[B]theories

[C]documents

[D]techniques

16.

[A]ordered

[B]provided

[C]employed

[D]adjusted

17.

[A]effect

[B]light

[C]reality

[D]mind

18.

[A]crossed

[B]connected

[C]blocked

[D]altered

19.

[A]expecting

[B]suggesting

[C]predicting

[D]recalling

20.

[A]robust

[B]diverse

[C]marginal

[D]dependent

答案与解析 (Answers)

1. [B] prone. 解析：固定搭配 be prone to，意为“易于遭受...”。该地区多地震海啸。

2. [C] gradually. 解析：由后文“slow sea level rise（缓慢的海平面上升）”可知，城市的下沉是一个“逐渐地（gradually）”的过程。

3. [B] submerged. 解析：海水上升“淹没（submerged）”了这座城市。

4. [C] remains. 解析：指代城市的“遗迹（remains）”。

5. [B] off. 解析：介词 off 表示“在...附近的海面上”。

6. [A] currents. 解析：海洋环境的变化通常指“洋流（currents）”的移动。

7. [D] protected. 解析：洋流侵蚀了原本“保护（protected）”遗址的自然屏障。

8. [A] gathering. 解析：调查是为了“收集（gathering）”数据。

9. [A] when. 解析：句型“was doing... when...”，表示“正在做某事时，突然发生了另一件事（发现了遗址）”。

10. [D] structures. 解析：spotted the sunken structures，发现了水下的建筑物/结构。

11. [D] examine. 解析：回来进一步“检查/调查（examine）”该地点。

12. [A] Despite. 解析：转折关系。虽然（Despite）初步发现令人兴奋，但随后几十年却无人问津。

13. [D] undisturbed. 解析：lay undisturbed，意为“处于不被打扰的状态/原封不动”。

14. [C] resumed. 解析：2009年，考古学家“恢复/重新开始（resumed）”了挖掘工作。

15. [D] techniques. 解析：水下考古的“技术（techniques）”和工具取得了巨大进步。

16. [C] employed. 解析：团队“利用/采用（employed）”了机器人和声呐制图技术。

17. [B] light. 解析：固定搭配 bring to light，意为“使显露/为人所知”。

18. [B] connected. 解析：道路“连接（connected）”了建筑物。

19. [B] suggesting. 解析：发现大量的织布机坠，这“表明（suggesting）”帕夫洛佩特里曾是贸易中心。

20. [A] robust. 解析：与“thriving（繁荣的）”呼应，形容纺织业“强劲/兴旺（robust）”。

核心长难句精解 (Highlighted Sentences)

1. 过去分词作状语与非限制性定语从句：
"Located in the southern Peloponnesian peninsula, Pavlopetri... emerged as a Neolithic settlement..., which caused the city to gradually sink."
 【解析】Located in... 是过去分词短语作状语，交代地理位置。which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面提到的“地震和海啸”导致了城市的下沉。 
【翻译】帕夫洛佩特里位于伯罗奔尼撒半岛南部，约在公元前3500年作为一个新石器时代定居点出现……这（地震海啸）导致了城市的逐渐下沉。 
2. 并列结构与被动语态：
"In recent decades, shifting currents and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that protected Pavlopetri."
 【解析】主语是并列的两个名词短语。that 引导定语从句修饰 barrier。这句话解释了为什么原本被隐藏的遗迹在现代会被发现。 
【翻译】在最近几十年里，不断变化的洋流和气候变化侵蚀了保护帕夫洛佩特里的天然屏障。 
3. 现在分词作状语表逻辑结果：
"Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan-style loom weights, suggesting Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a robust textile industry."
 【解析】suggesting 是现在分词作结果状语（或伴随状语），表示“发现织布机坠”这一事实所推导出的结论。 
【翻译】挖掘发现了大量的米诺斯风格的织布机坠，这表明帕夫洛佩特里曾是一个拥有强劲纺织业的繁荣贸易中心。 