定语从句精讲 —— 考研英语一长难句核心突破
定语从句是考研英语一阅读和翻译中出现频率最高的复杂语法结构,占长难句总量的 35% 以上。真题中对定语从句的考查分为四种类型:限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句、分隔式定语从句和嵌套式定语从句。掌握每种类型的结构公式和拆解方法,就能在考场上快速破解长难句。本章配 10 个真题长难句完整拆解。
四种考查形式总览
| 考查类型 | 标志特征 | 考查重点 | 真题出现频率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 限定性定语从句 | 关系词紧接先行词,无逗号 | 修饰对象的精准识别 | 极高 |
| 非限定性定语从句 | 关系词前有逗号,提供补充信息 | which 指代整句 vs 指代名词 | 高 |
| 分隔式定语从句 | 关系词与先行词被其他成分隔开 | 跨修饰成分找回先行词 | 高 |
| 嵌套式定语从句 | 定语从句中再嵌套定语从句 | 多层修饰的层次拆解 | 中 |
一、限定性定语从句
结构公式
先行词 + (that / which / who / whom / whose / when / where / why) + 不完整句限定性定语从句对先行词起限制和明确作用,去掉后句子意义不完整。关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语。英一命题常利用"先行词较远"或"关系词省略"制造理解障碍。
真题例句拆解 1(2018 年 Text 2)
原文:The system that determines how university funding is allocated has been criticized for prioritizing research output over teaching quality.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | The system has been criticized |
| Step 2:定位定语从句 | that determines how university funding is allocated,修饰 The system |
| Step 3:定语从句内部 | 主语 that(=system),谓语 determines,宾语从句 how university funding is allocated |
| Step 4:补全理解 | 那个决定大学拨款如何分配的制度,因优先考虑科研产出而非教学质量而受到批评 |
| 翻译技巧 | 短定语前置:将"决定……的制度"放在先行词前 |
真题例句拆解 2(2019 年 Text 4)
原文:Researchers have identified a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | Researchers have identified a protein |
| Step 2:定位定语从句 | that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm,修饰 protein |
| Step 3:定语从句内部 | 主语 that,谓语 plays,宾语 a crucial role,状语 in regulating... |
| Step 4:补全理解 | 研究人员发现了一种在调节人体生物节律中起关键作用的蛋白质 |
| 翻译技巧 | 前置法:"……的蛋白质" |
真题例句拆解 3(2020 年 Text 1)
原文:The cultural norms that once defined acceptable workplace behavior have undergone a dramatic transformation.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | The cultural norms have undergone a dramatic transformation |
| Step 2:定位定语从句 | that once defined acceptable workplace behavior,修饰 norms |
| Step 3:定语从句内部 | 主语 that,谓语 defined,宾语 acceptable workplace behavior |
| Step 4:补全理解 | 曾定义可接受职场行为的文化规范已经历了巨大转变 |
二、非限定性定语从句
结构公式
先行词 , + which / who / whom / whose / where / when + 完整或不完整句非限定性定语从句提供补充说明信息,去掉后主句意义仍然完整。考研英一命题重点在于 which 的指代歧义——which 可能指代紧邻的名词,也可能指代整个主句。
真题例句拆解 4(2021 年 Text 3)
原文:The company announced record profits for the third consecutive quarter, which surprised analysts who had predicted a downturn.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | The company announced record profits |
| Step 2:定位非限定定从 | , which surprised analysts... |
| Step 3:which 指代判断 | which 不指代 quarter,而指代整个主句"公司连续三季度利润创新高"这件事 |
| Step 4:翻译 | 该公司连续第三个季度宣布利润创新高,这令此前预测其将下滑的分析师感到惊讶 |
| 翻译技巧 | which 指代整句时译为"这" |
真题例句拆解 5(2022 年 Text 4)
原文:The policy disproportionately affects low-income households, whose energy bills already account for a larger share of their monthly expenditure.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | The policy disproportionately affects low-income households |
| Step 2:定位非限定定从 | , whose energy bills already account for...,修饰 households |
| Step 3:whose 关系 | whose = low-income households' |
| Step 4:翻译 | 该政策对低收入家庭影响不成比例地大,这些家庭的能源账单已占月支出较大份额 |
三、分隔式定语从句
结构公式
先行词 + [分隔成分] + 关系词 + 定语从句分隔式定语从句是考研英语一长难句最大的理解障碍之一。命题人故意在先行词和定语从句之间插入介词短语、状语、同位语等成分,使考生误判修饰关系。
真题例句拆解 6(2017 年 Text 3)
原文:A time will come when autonomous vehicles are as common on our roads as conventional cars are today.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | A time will come |
| Step 2:发现分隔 | will come 插入先行词 time 和定语从句 when... 之间 |
| Step 3:还原修饰关系 | A time [when autonomous vehicles are as common...] will come |
| Step 4:翻译 | 终有一天,自动驾驶汽车会像今天的传统汽车一样普遍行驶在我们的道路上 |
| 翻译技巧 | when 从句独立成句,不强行前置 |
真题例句拆解 7(2020 年 Text 4)
原文:No definitive evidence has emerged that directly links screen time to long-term cognitive decline in children.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | No definitive evidence has emerged |
| Step 2:发现分隔 | has emerged 插入先行词 evidence 和 that 从句之间 |
| Step 3:还原修饰关系 | No definitive evidence [that directly links screen time to...] has emerged |
| Step 4:翻译 | 目前尚无确凿证据直接证明屏幕使用时间与儿童长期认知能力下降之间存在关联 |
四、嵌套式定语从句
结构公式
先行词1 + 关系词1 + [定语从句1 ... 先行词2 + 关系词2 + 定语从句2 ...]嵌套式定语从句是难度最高的定语从句类型——一个定语从句内部还包含另一个定语从句。拆分时要从外向内逐层解剖。
真题例句拆解 8(2019 年 Text 2)
原文:The book offers a perspective that challenges the traditional narrative that has dominated historical scholarship for decades.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | The book offers a perspective |
| Step 2:第一层定从 | that challenges the traditional narrative,修饰 perspective |
| Step 3:第二层定从 | that has dominated historical scholarship for decades,修饰 narrative |
| Step 4:翻译 | 这本书提供了一个挑战传统叙事的视角,而该传统叙事已主导史学界数十年 |
| 翻译技巧 | 嵌套定从拆分翻译,用"而该……"衔接 |
真题例句拆解 9(2023 年 Text 2)
原文:We need policies that protect vulnerable populations who are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | We need policies |
| Step 2:第一层定从 | that protect vulnerable populations,修饰 policies |
| Step 3:第二层定从 | who are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation,修饰 populations |
| Step 4:翻译 | 我们需要能保护弱势群体的政策,这些群体受到环境退化的影响不成比例地大 |
真题例句拆解 10(2025 年 Text 4)
原文:The study focuses on communities whose economic resilience depends on industries that are particularly susceptible to automation.
| 拆解步骤 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| Step 1:找主干 | The study focuses on communities |
| Step 2:第一层定从 | whose economic resilience depends on industries,修饰 communities |
| Step 3:第二层定从 | that are particularly susceptible to automation,修饰 industries |
| Step 4:翻译 | 该研究聚焦于经济韧性依赖于特别容易受自动化冲击的行业的那些社区 |
| 翻译技巧 | 两层定从均前置:先译内层(industries→行业),再译外层(communities→社区) |